造纸术和印刷术是中国古代的两项重要发明。
造纸术,为文明传承带来了新的载体;
印刷术,造就了文明传播的新媒介。
它们对人类政治、经济、文化等很多方面产生了重要影响,为世界文明的传播与发展做出了巨大贡献。
中国发明印刷术有着独特的物质基础与技术条件。
纸和墨的应用是印刷术发明的基本前提。
中国很早就已发现并使用墨。
秦晚期已有墨丸;
南北朝时期,中国已掌握了成熟的制墨技术。
作为纸的发明国,早在印刷术发明以前,中国的造纸术就经历了辉煌的发展历程。
西汉时期,中国已发明了纸。
公元105年,东汉蔡伦总结前人经验,改进造纸工艺,开辟了后代皮纸制造技术的先河,实现了造纸技术史上的重要突破。
随着造纸技术的发展,纸逐渐普及到人类生活中。
魏晋南北朝时期,中国纸张的使用进入转折时期。
公元404年,东晋桓玄颁布“以纸代简”令,终止了简牍书写的历史,纸终于成为主要的书写材料。
人们选用麻、藤、树皮、竹等作为造纸原料,并运用施胶、涂布、染色等造纸加工技术,使纸张变得物美价廉。
造纸术的发明,带来了书写材料的根本性变革,更为印刷术的发明提供了重要的印刷材料。
Hover a word for its pinyin & meaning; click to pin it.
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| Chinese | Pinyin | English |
|---|---|---|
| 造纸术 | zào zhǐ shù | papermaking process |
| 和 | hé | and; together with |
| 印刷术 | yìn shuā shù | printing / printing technology |
| 是 | shì | to be (followed by substantives only) |
| 中国 | Zhōng guó | China |
| 古代 | gǔ dài | ancient times |
| 的 | de | possessive particle (of; 's) / modifying particle (used after an attribute to modify a noun or to form a nominal expression) |
| 两 | liǎng | two / both / some / a few |
| 项 | xiàng | classifier for principles, items, clauses, tasks, research projects etc |
| 重要 | zhòng yào | important; significant; major |
| 发明 | fā míng | an invention |
| 为 | wèi | because of / for / to |
| 文明 | wén míng | civilization / culture |
| 传承 | chuán chéng | to pass on (to future generations) |
| 带 | dài | to wear / to carry / to take along / to bear / to bring |
| 来 | lái | hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker) |
| 了 | le | (completed action marker) / (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) |
| 新 | xīn | new; newly |
| 载体 | zài tǐ | carrier (chemistry) / vector (epidemiology) / vehicle or medium |
| 造就 | zào jiù | to bring up / to train / to contribute to |
| 传播 | chuán bō | to disseminate; to propagate; to spread |
| 媒介 | méi jiè | intermediary / vehicle / vector / medium / media |
| 它们 | tā men | they; them |
| 对 | duì | towards; at; for / concerning; regarding |
| 人类 | rén lèi | humanity / human race / mankind |
| 政治 | zhèng zhì | politics |
| 经济 | jīng jì | economy |
| 文化 | wén huà | culture / civilization |
| 等 | děng | and so on; etc.; et al. / (used to end an enumeration) |
| 很 | hěn | very; quite |
| 多 | duō | many; much; more; a lot of |
| 方面 | fāng miàn | respect / aspect / field / side |
| 产生 | chǎn shēng | to give rise to; to bring into being; to bring about; to produce; to engender; to generate |
| 影响 | yǐng xiǎng | influence / effect |
| 世界 | shì jiè | world |
| 与 | yǔ | (formal) and; together with (linking parallel nouns, verbs, or phrases) |
| 发展 | fā zhǎn | development / growth |
| 做 | zuò | to make; to produce |
| 出 | chū | (used after a verb to indicate an outward direction or a positive result) |
| 巨大 | jù dà | huge; immense; enormous; gigantic |
| 贡献 | gòng xiàn | contribution |
| 有 | yǒu | to have; there is |
| 着 | zhe | aspect particle indicating action in progress or ongoing state |
| 独特 | dú tè | unique; distinctive |
| 物质 | wù zhì | matter / substance / material |
| 基础 | jī chǔ | base; foundation; basis |
| 技术 | jì shù | technology; technique; skill |
| 条件 | tiáo jiàn | condition; circumstance; term; factor / situation; state; condition |
| 纸 | zhǐ | paper |
| 墨 | mò | ink stick / China ink / corporal punishment consisting of tattooing characters on the victim's forehead |
| 应用 | yìng yòng | application; practical use / (computing) app |
| 基本 | jī běn | basic / fundamental / main / elementary |
| 前提 | qián tí | premise / precondition / prerequisite |
| 早 | zǎo | long ago |
| 就 | jiù | merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly |
| 已 | yǐ | already |
| 发现 | fā xiàn | to notice; to become aware of / to discover; to find; to detect |
| 并 | bìng | and / together with |
| 使用 | shǐ yòng | to use / to employ / to apply / to make use of |
| 秦 | Qín | Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) of the first emperor 秦始皇 / short name for 陝西|陕西 |
| 晚 | wǎn | late |
| 期 | qī | a period of time / phase / stage / time / term / period |
| 丸 | wán | ball / pellet / pill |
| 南北朝 | Nán Běi cháo | Northern and Southern dynasties (420-589) |
| 时期 | shí qī | period / phase |
| 掌握 | zhǎng wò | to grasp (often fig.) / to control / to seize (initiative, opportunity, destiny) / to master / to know well / to understand sth well and know how to use it |
| 成熟 | chéng shú | mature; ripe |
| 制 | zhì | to manufacture / to make |
| 作为 | zuò wéi | one's conduct / deed / activity / accomplishment / achievement / as (in the capacity of) / qua |
| 国 | guó | country; nation; state |
| 在 | zài | (of sb or sth) to be (located) at |
| 以前 | yǐ qián | before / formerly / previous / ago |
| 经历 | jīng lì | to experience; to go through |
| 辉煌 | huī huáng | splendid / glorious |
| 历程 | lì chéng | course / process |
| 西汉 | Xī Hàn | Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 AD) |
| 公元 | gōng yuán | CE (Common Era) / Christian Era / AD (Anno Domini) |
| 年 | nián | year |
| 东汉 | Dōng hàn | Eastern or later Han dynasty, 25-220 |
| 蔡伦 | Cài Lún | Cai Lun (-121), the inventor of the papermaking process |
| 总结 | zǒng jié | to sum up / to conclude |
| 前人 | qián rén | predecessor / forebears / the person facing you |
| 经验 | jīng yàn | experience |
| 改进 | gǎi jìn | to improve; to make better |
| 造纸 | zào zhǐ | papermaking |
| 工艺 | gōng yì | arts and crafts / industrial arts |
| 开辟 | kāi pì | to open up / to set up / to establish |
| 后代 | hòu dài | descendant; progeny / posterity; later ages; later generations |
| 皮 | pí | skin; peel; rind; outer layer / leather; hide; fur / cover; wrapping; outer covering / pico- (10⁻¹²) |
| 制造 | zhì zào | to manufacture; to make |
| 先河 | xiān hé | source; precursor; forerunner |
| 实现 | shí xiàn | to achieve; to implement; to realize; to bring about |
| 史 | shǐ | history / annals / title of an official historian in ancient China |
| 上 | shàng | (noun suffix) on; above |
| 突破 | tū pò | to break through / to make a breakthrough / to surmount (an obstacle) / (sports) to break through the opponent's defense |
| 随着 | suí zhe | along with / in the wake of / following |
| 逐渐 | zhú jiàn | gradually |
| 普及 | pǔ jí | to spread extensively / to generalize |
| 到 | dào | to reach; to arrive / to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point) / (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point) |
| 生活 | shēng huó | life / livelihood |
| 中 | zhōng | within; among; in |
| 魏 | Wèi | name of a vassal state of the Zhou dynasty from 661 BC in Shanxi, one of the Seven Hero Warring States / Wei state, founded by Cao Cao 曹操, one of the Three Kingdoms after the Han dynasty / the Wei dynasty 221–265 / Wei Prefecture or Wei County at various times in history |
| 晋 | Jìn | the Jin Dynasties (265–420) / Western Jin 西晉|西晋 (265–316), Eastern Jin 東晉|东晋 (317–420) and Later Jin Dynasty (936–946) / short name for Shanxi province 山西 |
| 纸张 | zhǐ zhāng | paper |
| 进入 | jìn rù | to enter / to join / to go into |
| 转折 | zhuǎn zhé | shift in the trend of events / turnaround / plot shift in a book / turn in the conversation |
| 东晋 | Dōng Jìn | Eastern Jin dynasty 317-420 |
| 桓玄 | Huán Xuán | Huan Xuan (369-404), general involved in the break-up of Eastern Jin |
| 颁布 | bān bù | to issue / to proclaim / to enact (laws, decrees etc) |
| 以 | yǐ | to use |
| 代 | dài | to be a substitute for; to act on behalf of; to replace; to substitute |
| 简 | jiǎn | letter / bamboo strips used for writing (old) |
| 令 | lìng | an order / warrant / writ / honorific title / season / government position (old) / type of short song or poem |
| 终止 | zhōng zhǐ | to stop; to terminate |
| 简牍 | jiǎn dú | bamboo and wooden slips (used for writing on in ancient times) / letter; correspondence; book; document |
| 书写 | shū xiě | to write |
| 历史 | lì shǐ | history |
| 终于 | zhōng yú | at last / in the end / finally / eventually |
| 成为 | chéng wéi | to become; to turn into |
| 主要 | zhǔ yào | main; principal; major; primary |
| 材料 | cái liào | (raw) material / (fig.) person who has the potential to do the job |
| 人们 | rén men | people |
| 选 | xuǎn | to choose / to pick / to select / to elect |
| 用 | yòng | to use; to make use of; to employ / (coverb) with; using |
| 麻 | má | generic name for hemp, flax etc / hemp or flax fiber for textile materials / sesame |
| 藤 | téng | rattan / cane / vine |
| 树皮 | shù pí | tree bark |
| 竹 | zhú | (bound form) bamboo / Kangxi radical 118 |
| 原料 | yuán liào | raw material |
| 运用 | yùn yòng | to use / to put to use |
| 施胶 | shī jiāo | sizing; applying sizing material or glue in papermaking to make paper less absorbent |
| 涂布 | tú bù | to coat or apply a coating to a surface; coating (in papermaking or materials processing) |
| 染色 | rǎn sè | dye |
| 加工 | jiā gōng | processing / working (of machinery) |
| 使 | shǐ | to make / to cause / to enable |
| 变得 | biàn de | to become |
| 物美价廉 | wù měi jià lián | good quality and cheap / a bargain |
| 带来 | dài lái | to bring / (fig.) to bring about; to produce |
| 根本性 | gēn běn xìng | fundamental; basic in nature |
| 变革 | biàn gé | to transform / to change |
| 更 | gèng | more / even more / further / still / still more |
| 提供 | tí gōng | to offer / to supply / to provide / to furnish |
| 印刷 | yìn shuā | printing |