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History: 修道院里的啤酒 – Beer in the Monastery

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History: 修道院里的啤酒 – Beer in the Monastery

Prayer, patience, and a clever workaround for fasting season gave birth to some of the world’s finest beer. This piece of non-fiction describes how and why the monks of medieval Europe were so fond of brewing.

History: 修道院xiū dào yuàn里lǐ的de啤pí酒jǐu

很hěn多duō人rén喝hē啤pí酒jǐu,但dàn是shì很hěn少shǎo人rén知道zhī dào,现代Xiàn dài啤pí酒jǐu的de历lì史Shǐ和hé一yī群qún修道士xiū dào shì有着yǒu zhe密切mì qiè的de关Guān系xì。故事gù shì要yāo从中cóng zhōng世纪shì jì的de欧Oū洲zhou说起shuō qǐ。

中世纪zhōng shì jì时期shí qī,基jī督du教Jiào修道院xiū dào yuàn遍biàn布bù欧Oū洲zhou各地gè dì。修道士xiū dào shì们men过Guō着zhāo严yān格gē而ér有yǒu规律guī lu:4的de生shēng活huó——每天měi tiān祈祷qí dǎo、劳动láo dòng、读书dú shū。其中qí zhōng有yǒu一yī条tiáo非常fēi cháng重要zhòng yào的de规定guī dìng:每年měi nián的de四sì旬xūn斋期间qī jiān,修道士xiū dào shì不bù能Néng吃chī固体gù tǐ食物shí wù,只zhī能Néng喝hē液yě体tī。这zhè段Duàn时间shí jiān长达cháng dá四十sì shí天tiān,对duì身体shēn tǐ的de要yāo求qíu非常fēi cháng高Gāo。于是yú shì修道士xiū dào shì们men想到xiǎng dào了le一个yī ge办bàn法fǎ——酿造niàng zào一种yī zhǒng营yīng养yǎng丰富fēng fù的de饮料yǐn liào来lái维持wéi chí体力tǐ lì。他tā们men把bǎ这种zhè zhǒng饮料yǐn liào叫jiào做zuò”液yě体面tǐ miàn包Bāo”。这种zhè zhǒng饮料yǐn liào,就是jìu shì啤pí酒jǐu。

修道院xiū dào yuàn有yǒu许多xǔ duō得天独厚dé tiān dú hòu的de条tiáo件jiàn,非常fēi cháng适kuò合gě酿造niàng zào啤pí酒jǐu。首先shǒu xiān,修道院xiū dào yuàn通常tōng cháng建jiàn在zài水Shuǐ源yuān干净gān jìng的de地方dì fāng,而ér干净gān jìng的de水Shuǐ对duì酿造niàng zào好hǎo啤pí酒jǐu至关重要zhì guān zhòng yào。其次qí cì,修道院xiū dào yuàn拥有yōng yǒu大片dà piàn农田nóng tián,可以kě yǐ自己zì jǐ种zhǒng植zhī大麦dà mài和hé其qí他tā谷物gǔ wù。更gēng重要zhòng yào的de是shì,修道士xiū dào shì们men受过shòu guò良好liáng hǎo的de教Jiào育yù,懂dǒng得dé记录jì lù和hé总zǒng结jiē经验jīng yàn。他tā们men把bǎ每měi一次yī cì酿造niàng zào的de方Fāng法fǎ、比Bǐ例lì、时间shí jiān都Dū详xiāng细xì地de写下xiě xià来lái,一代yī dài一代yī dài地de传chuān下去xià qù。普pú通tōng的de村cūn庄zhuāng酿niǎng酒jǐu师Shī没有méi yǒu这种zhè zhǒng条tiáo件jiàn,所以suǒ yǐ修道院xiū dào yuàn的de酿造niàng zào技jì术shù越Yuè来lái越Yuè精湛jīng zhàn,越Yuè来lái越Yuè先进xiān jìn。

修道士xiū dào shì们men对duì啤pí酒jǐu最zuì重要zhòng yào的de贡Gòng献xiǎn之一zhī yī,是shì发现fā xiàn了le啤酒花pí jiǔ huā的de价jiǎ值zhī。在zài此cǐ之前zhī qián,啤pí酒jǐu是shì一种yī zhǒng又yòu甜tián又yòu厚hòu、很hěn快kuài就jìu会huì变质biàn zhì的de饮料yǐn liào。修道士xiū dào shì们men发现fā xiàn,加入jiā rù啤酒花pí jiǔ huā以yǐ后Hòu,啤pí酒jǐu不bù但dàn可以kě yǐ保báo存cún更gēng长cháng时间shí jiān,味wěi道dào也Yě变得biàn de更加gèng jiā丰富fēng fù、更加gèng jiā平衡píng héng。这个zhè ge发现fā xiàn彻chě底dí改变gǎi biàn了le啤pí酒jǐu的de历lì史Shǐ,让ràng啤pí酒jǐu从cóng一种yī zhǒng粗cū糙cao的de地方dì fāng性xǐng饮料yǐn liào变成biàn chéng了le可以kě yǐ长cháng途tū运输yùn shū、广yǎn泛fǎn销xiao售shǒu的de商Shāng品pǐn。

今天jīn tiān,修道院xiū dào yuàn酿niǎng酒jǐu的de传chuān统tóng依yi然rán存cún在zài。比利时Bǐ lì shí的de特tè拉lā普pú派pā修道院xiū dào yuàn是shì其中qí zhōng最zuì著名zhù míng的de代表dài biǎo。全世界quán shì jiè只有zhǐ yǒu少数shǎo shù几个jǐ ge修道院xiū dào yuàn获huǒ得了dé le”正zhēng宗zong特tè拉lā普pú”的de认rèn证zhěng,他tā们men酿造niàng zào的de啤pí酒jǐu被bèi许多xǔ duō人rén认为rèn wéi是shì世界shì jiè上shǎng最好zuì hǎo的de啤pí酒jǐu之一zhī yī。修道士xiū dào shì们men至今zhì jīn仍rēng然rán亲手qīn shǒu参与cān yù酿造niàng zào过程guò chéng,酿niǎng酒jǐu所得suǒ dé的de收入shōu rù用于yòng yú维持wéi chí修道院xiū dào yuàn的de运yùn营yīng和hé慈善事业cí shàn shì yè。

从cóng”液yě体面tǐ miàn包Bāo”到dào世界级shì jiè jí精jīng酿niǎng啤pí酒jǐu,这zhè段Duàn历lì史Shǐ提醒tí xǐng我wǒ们men:很hěn多duō改变gǎi biàn世界shì jiè的de发明fā míng,并bìng不是bù shì来lái自zì实验室shí yàn shì或者huò zhě工厂gōng chǎng,而是ér shì来lái自zì一yī群qún安静ān jìng地de生shēng活huó、认真rèn zhēn地de工作gōng zuò、耐心nài xīn地de积ji累lěi经验jīng yàn的de人rén。也许yě xǔ,好hǎo东Dōng西Xī从cóng来lái都Dū需要xū yào时间shí jiān。

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Lesson vocabulary 270 words · 10 curated by the source

WordPinyinMeaning
修道院xiū dào yuànmonastery
修道士xiū dào shìmonk
酿造niàng zàoto brew
祈祷qí dǎoto pray
得天独厚dé tiān dú hòublessed with unique advantages
至关重要zhì guān zhòng yàoof crucial importance
啤酒花pí jiǔ huāhops
变质biàn zhìto spoil/deteriorate
精湛jīng zhànexquisite/refined (of skill)
慈善事业cí shàn shì yècharitable causes
很hěnvery; quite; (also, often used before an adjective without intensifying its meaning, i.e. as a meaningless syntactic element)
多duōmany; much; more; a lot of; too many; in excess; (after a numeral) ... odd; how (to what extent) (Taiwan pr. [duo2]); (bound form) multi-; poly-
人rénperson; people; CL:個|个[ge4],位[wei4],名[ming2]
喝hēto drink; variant of 嗬[he1]
啤píbeer
酒jǐuwine (esp. rice wine); liquor; spirits; alcoholic beverage; CL:杯[bei1],瓶[ping2],罐[guan4],桶[tong3],缸[gang1]
但dànbut; yet; however; still; merely; only; just
是shìto be (followed by substantives only); correct; right; true; (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well; (adverb for emphatic assertion); variant of 是[shi4]
少shǎofew; less; to lack; to be missing; to stop (doing sth); seldom
知道zhī dàoto know; to become aware of; also pr. [zhi1dao5]
现代Xiàn dàiHyundai, South Korean company
的deof; ~'s (possessive particle); (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun); (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis); (used after a noun, verb or adjective to…
历lìold variant of 曆|历[li4]; old variant of 歷|历[li4]; calendar; to experience; to undergo; to pass through; all; each; every; history
史Shǐsurname Shi
和héold variant of 和[he2]; surname He; (literary) harmonious (variant of 和[he2])
一yīone; single; a (article); as soon as; entire; whole; all; throughout; "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1); also pr. [yao1] for greater clarity when spelling out …
群qúnvariant of 群[qun2]; group; crowd; flock, herd, pack etc
有着yǒu zheto have; to possess
密切mì qièclose; intimate; to strengthen (ties, cooperation etc); closely; intently; carefully; (math.) to osculate
关Guānsurname Guan
系xìto connect; to relate to; to tie up; to bind; to be (literary); system; department; faculty; to tie; to fasten; to button up
故事gù shìold practice
要yāo(bound form) to demand; to coerce
从中cóng zhōngfrom among them; from it
世纪shì jìcentury
欧OūEurope (abbr. for 歐洲|欧洲[Ou1 zhou1]); European Union (abbr. for 歐盟|欧盟[Ou1 meng2]); surname Ou
洲zhoucontinent
说起shuō qǐto mention; to bring up (a subject); with regard to; as for
中世纪zhōng shì jìmedieval; Middle Ages
时期shí qīperiod; phase; CL:個|个[ge4]
基jī(bound form) base; foundation; (bound form) radical (chemistry); (bound form) gay (loanword from English into Cantonese, Jyutping: gei1, followed by orthographic borrowing from Can…
督du(bound form) to supervise
教Jiàosurname Jiao
遍biànvariant of 遍[bian4]; everywhere; all over; classifier for actions: one time
布bùvariant of 布[bu4]; to announce; to spread; cloth; to declare; to announce; to spread; to make known
各地gè dìin all parts of (a country); various regions
们menplural marker for pronouns, and nouns referring to individuals
过Guōsurname Guo
着zhāovariant of 著|着[zhao1]; a move in chess (Taiwan pr. [zhuo2]); trick; tactic; (dialect) okay; all right; (dialect) to put in; to add
严yānstrict; severe; tight; rigorous; father (formal); surname Yan
格gēused in 格登[ge1 deng1]
而érand; as well as; and so; but (not); yet (not); (indicates causal relation); (indicates change of state); (indicates contrast)
有yǒuto have; there is; (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意[you3 yi4] intentional)
规律guī lu:4rule (e.g. of science); law of behavior; regular pattern; rhythm; discipline
生shēngto grow; to give birth; to produce; to be born; to arise; to occur; to light (a fire); to live; to be alive; life; raw; uncooked; unprocessed; unfamiliar; strange; (bound form) stu…
活huóto live; alive; living; work; workmanship
每天měi tiānevery day
劳动láo dòngwork; toil; physical labor; CL:次[ci4]
读书dú shūto read a book; to study; to attend school
其中qí zhōngamong; in; included among these
条tiáostrip; item; article; clause (of law or treaty); classifier for long thin things (ribbon, river, road, trousers etc)
非常fēi chángvery; really; unusual; extraordinary
重要zhòng yàoimportant; significant; major
规定guī dìngto stipulate; to specify; to prescribe; to fix (a price); to set (a quota); regulations; rules; provisions; stipulations
每年měi niánevery year; each year; yearly
四sìfour; 4
旬xūn(bound form) ten-day period; one of the three ten-day divisions of a month (e.g. 上旬[shang4 xun2])
斋
期间qī jiānperiod of time; time; time period; period; CL:個|个[ge4]
不bùno; not so; (bound form) not; un-
能Néngsurname Neng
吃chīto eat; to consume; to eat at (a cafeteria etc); to eradicate; to destroy; to absorb; to suffer (shock, injury, defeat etc); variant of 吃[chi1]
固体gù tǐsolid
食物shí wùfood
只zhīvariant of 隻|只[zhi1]; variant of 只[zhi3]; grain that has begun to ripen; classifier for birds and certain animals, one of a pair, some utensils, vessels etc
液yě(bound form) a liquid
体tīused in 體己|体己[ti1 ji5]; Taiwan pr. [ti3]
这zhè(pronoun) this; these; (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun); (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. [zhei4], esp. in Beijing)
段Duànsurname Duan
时间shí jiān(concept of) time; (duration of) time; (point in) time
长达cháng dáto extend as long as; to lengthen out to
四十sì shíforty; 40
天tiānday; sky; heaven
对duìright; correct; towards; at; for; concerning; regarding; to treat (sb a certain way); to face; (bound form) opposite; facing; matching; to match together; to adjust; to fit; to sui…
身体shēn tǐthe body; one's health
求qíuto seek; to look for; to request; to demand; to beseech
高Gāosurname Gao
于是yú shìthereupon; as a result; consequently; thus; hence
想到xiǎng dàoto think of; to call to mind; to anticipate
了le(completed action marker); (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now); (modal particle intensifying preceding clause); (bound form) clear in one's mind; to understand clearly
一个yī gea; an; one; the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
办bànto take care of (a matter); to deal with (a task, procedure etc); to organize (an event); to establish; to set up; to manage; to run (an enterprise); (law) to handle; to investigat…
法fǎvariant of 法[fa3]; France; French; abbr. for 法國|法国[Fa3 guo2]; Taiwan pr. [Fa4]; old variant of 法[fa3]; law
一种yī zhǒngone kind of; one type of
营yīngcamp; battalion; to operate; to strive for
养yǎngto raise (animals); to bring up (children); to keep (pets); to support; to give birth
丰富fēng fùto enrich; rich; plentiful; abundant
饮料yǐn liàodrink; beverage
来láito come; (used as a substitute for a more specific verb); hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來|回来[hui2 lai5]); ever since (as in 自古以來|自古以来[zi4 gu3…
维持wéi chíto keep; to maintain; to preserve
体力tǐ lìphysical strength; physical power
他tā(third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his; (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日[ta1 ri4] and 他人[ta1 ren2])
把bǎto hold; to grasp; to hold a baby in position to help it urinate or defecate; handlebar; classifier: handful, bundle, bunch; classifier for things with handles; (used to put the ob…
这种zhè zhǒngthis kind of
叫jiàoto shout; to call; to order; to ask; to be called; by (indicates agent in the passive mood); variant of 叫[jiao4]
做zuòto make; to produce; to write; to compose; to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc); (of a person) to be (an intermediary, a good student etc); to become (husband and wife, frien…
体面tǐ miàndignity; prestige; face; honorable; creditable; (of sb's appearance) presentable; respectable
包Bāosurname Bao
就是jìu shìexactly; precisely; only; simply; just; (used correlatively with 也[ye3]) even; even if
许多xǔ duōmany; a lot of; much
件jiànitem; component; classifier for events, things, clothes etc
适kuòsee 李适[Li3 Kuo4]; surname Shi
合gě100 ml; one-tenth of a peck; measure for dry grain equal to one-tenth of sheng 升 or liter, or one-hundredth dou 斗; variant of 合[he2]
首先shǒu xiānfirst of all; in the first place
通常tōng chángregular; usual; normal; usually; normally
建jiànto establish; to found; to set up; to build; to construct
在zàito exist; to be alive; (of sb or sth) to be (located) at; (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress)
水Shuǐsurname Shui; Shui ethnic group
源yuānroot; origin
干净gān jìngclean; neat
地方dì fāngregion; regional (away from the central administration); local
好hǎogood; appropriate; proper; all right!; (before a verb) easy to; (before a verb) good to; (before an adjective for exclamatory effect) so; (verb complement indicating completion); (…
其次qí cìnext; secondly
拥有yōng yǒuto have; to possess; to own
大片dà piànwide expanse; large area; vast stretch; extending widely; blockbuster movie
农田nóng tiánfarmland; cultivated land
可以kě yǐcan; may; possible; able to; not bad; pretty good
自己zì jǐoneself; (attributive) one's own
种zhǒngseed; species; kind; type; classifier for types, kinds, sorts
植zhīto plant
大麦dà màibarley
其qíhis; her; its; their; that; such; it (refers to sth preceding it)
谷物gǔ wùcereal; grain
更gēngto change or replace; to experience; one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided; watch (e.g. of a sentry or guard)
受过shòu guòto take the blame (for sb else)
良好liáng hǎogood; favorable; well; fine
育yùto have children; to raise or bring up; to educate
懂dǒngto understand; to comprehend
得déto obtain; to get; to gain; to catch (a disease); proper; suitable; proud; contented; to allow; to permit; ready; finished
记录jì lùto record; record (written account); note-taker; record (in sports etc); CL:個|个[ge4]
总zǒng(bound form) general; overall; to sum up; in every case; always; invariably; anyway; after all; eventually; sooner or later; surely; (after a person's name) abbr. for 總經理|总经理[zong3…
结jiē(of a plant) to produce (fruit or seeds); Taiwan pr. [jie2]
经验jīng yànexperience; to go through; to experience
每měieach; every
一次yī cìfirst; first time; once; (math.) linear (of degree one)
方Fāngsurname Fang
比BǐBelgium; Belgian; abbr. for 比利時|比利时[Bi3 li4 shi2]
例lìexample; precedent; rule; case; instance
都Dūsurname Du
详xiāngdetailed
细xìthin or slender; finely particulate; thin and soft; fine; delicate; trifling; (of a sound) quiet; frugal
地de-ly; structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct
写下xiě xiàto write down
一代yī dàian era; an age; a generation
传chuānto pass on; to transmit; to transfer; to conduct (electricity)
下去xià qùto go down; to descend; to go on; to continue; (of a servant) to withdraw
普púgeneral; everywhere
通tōngto go through; to know well; (suffix) expert; to connect; to communicate; open; to clear; classifier for letters, telegrams, phone calls etc
村cūnvillage; (dialect) to scold; rustic; boorish; variant of 村[cun1]
庄zhuāngvariant of 莊|庄[zhuang1]; surname Zhuang
酿niǎngto ferment; to make honey (of bees); to form gradually; stuffed vegetables (cooking method)
师Shīsurname Shi
没有méi yǒuhaven't; hasn't; doesn't exist; to not have; to not be
所以suǒ yǐtherefore; as a result; so; the reason why
技jìskill
术shùmethod; technique
越Yuègeneric word for peoples or states of south China or south Asia at different historical periods; abbr. for Vietnam 越南
先进xiān jìnsophisticated; advanced (technology etc); meritorious; exemplary (deeds etc)
最zuìvariant of 最[zui4]; old variant of 最[zui4]; (before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est; (after 之[zhi1]) best or most extreme example (e.g. 世界之最[shi4 jie4 zhi1 zui4] "the greatest in the world")
贡Gòngsurname Gong
献xiǎnto offer; to dedicate; to show; worthy person (old)
之一zhī yīone of (sth); one out of a multitude; one (third, quarter, percent etc)
发现fā xiànto notice; to become aware of; to discover; to find; to detect; a discovery
价jiǎ(literary) messenger; servant
值zhīvalue; to happen to
此cǐthis; these
之前zhī qiánbefore; prior to; ago; previously; beforehand
又yòu(once) again; also; both... and...; and yet; (used for emphasis) anyway
甜tiánsweet; (fig.) pleasant; endearing; lovely
厚hòuthick; deep or profound; kind; generous; rich or strong in flavor; to favor; to stress
快kuàirapid; quick; speed; rate; soon; almost; to make haste; clever; sharp (of knives or wits); forthright; plainspoken; gratified; pleased; pleasant
就jìu(after a suppositional clause) in that case; then; (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after; (same as 就是[jiu4 shi4]) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precise…
会huìcan; to have the skill; to know how to; to be likely to; to be sure to; to meet; to get together; meeting; gathering; (suffix) union; group; association; (bound form) a moment (Tai…
加入jiā rùto become a member; to join; to mix into; to participate in; to add in
以yǐold variant of 以[yi3]; abbr. for Israel 以色列[Yi3 se4 lie4]
后Hòusurname Hou; back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later; post-
保báoBulgaria (abbr. for 保加利亞|保加利亚[Bao3 jia1 li4 ya4])
存cúnto exist; to deposit; to store; to keep; to survive
长chánglong; (bound form) length; (bound form) strong point; forte; (bound form) to be good at; (literary) surplus; spare (Taiwan pr. [zhang4])
味wěitaste; (fig.) (noun suffix) feel; sense
道dàoroad; path (CL:條|条[tiao2],股[gu3]); (bound form) way; reason; principle; (bound form) a skill; an art; a specialization; (Daoism) the Way; the Dao; to say (introducing a direct quot…
也Yěsurname Ye
变得biàn deto become
更加gèng jiāmore (than sth else); even more
平衡píng héngbalance; equilibrium
这个zhè ge(pronoun) this; (adjective) this
彻chěthorough; to pervade
底dí(equivalent to 的 as possessive particle)
改变gǎi biànto change; to alter; to transform
让ràngto yield; to permit; to let sb do sth; to have sb do sth; to make sb (feel sad etc); by (indicates the agent in a passive clause, like 被[bei4])
从cóngvariant of 從|从[cong2]; surname Cong
粗cū(of sth long) wide; thick; (of sth granular) coarse; (of a voice) gruff; (of sb's manner etc) rough; crude; careless; rude; variant of 粗[cu1]; remote; distant; variant of 粗[cu1]
糙caorough
性xǐngnature; property; attribute; sex; suffix forming adjective from verb; essence
变成biàn chéngto change into; to turn into; to become
途tūway; road
运输yùn shūto transport; to carry; transportation
广yǎn"house on a cliff" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 53), occurring in 店, 序, 底 etc; surname Guang
泛fǎnto spread; to flood; to be suffused with; general; extensive
销xiaoto melt (metal); to sell; pin; bolt
售shǒu(bound form) to sell; to retail
商ShāngShang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC); surname Shang
品pǐn(bound form) article; commodity; product; goods; (bound form) grade; rank; kind; type; variety; character; disposition; nature; temperament; to taste sth; to sample; to criticize; …
今天jīn tiāntoday; the present time; now
统tóngto gather; to unify
依yito depend on; according to
然ráncorrect; right; so; thus; like this; -ly
比利时Bǐ lì shíBelgium
特tèspecial; unique; distinguished; especially; unusual; very; abbr. for 特克斯[te4 ke4 si1], tex
拉lāto pull; to play (a bowed instrument); to drag; to draw; to chat; (coll.) to empty one's bowels
派pāused in 派司[pa1 si5]
著名zhù míngfamous; noted; well-known; celebrated
代表dài biǎorepresentative; delegate; CL:位[wei4],個|个[ge4],名[ming2]; to represent; to stand for; on behalf of; in the name of
全世界quán shì jièworldwide; entire world
只有zhǐ yǒuonly have ...; there is only ...; (used in combination with 才[cai2]) it is only if ... (that one can ...) (as in 只有通過治療才能痊愈|只有通过治疗才能痊愈[zhi3 you3 tong1 guo4 zhi4 liao2 cai2 neng2 qu…
少数shǎo shùsmall number; few; minority
几个jǐ gea few; several; how many
获huǒ(literary) to catch; to capture
得了dé leall right!; that's enough!
正zhēngfirst month of the lunar year
宗zongancestor; clan; sect; to honor; principal; surname Zong
认rènto recognize; to know; to admit
证zhěngto admonish
被bèiquilt; to cover (with); (literary) to suffer (a misfortune); used to indicate passive voice (placed before the doer of the action like "by" in English passive-voice sentences, or, …
认为rèn wéito believe; to think; to consider; to feel
世界shì jièworld
上shǎngused in 上聲|上声[shang3 sheng1]
最好zuì hǎobest; had better ...; it would be best to ...
至今zhì jīnso far; to this day; until now
仍rēngstill; yet; (literary) frequently; often
亲手qīn shǒuwith one's own hands; personally
参与cān yùto participate (in sth)
过程guò chéngcourse of events; process
所得suǒ déwhat one acquires; one's gains
收入shōu rùto take in; income; revenue; CL:筆|笔[bi3],個|个[ge4]
用于yòng yúto use in; to use on; to use for
运yùnto move; to transport; to use; to apply; fortune; luck; fate
到dàoto reach; to arrive; to leave for; to go to; to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point); (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point); considerate; thoug…
世界级shì jiè jíworld-class
精jīngessence; extract; vitality; energy; semen; sperm; mythical goblin spirit; highly perfected; elite; the pick of sth; proficient (refined ability); extremely (fine); selected rice (a…
提醒tí xǐngto remind; to call attention to; to warn of
我wǒI; me; my
发明fā míngto invent; an invention; CL:個|个[ge4]
并bìngand; furthermore; also; together with; (not) at all; simultaneously; to combine; to join; to merge; to combine; to amalgamate; short name for Taiyuan 太原[Tai4 yuan2]; variant of 並|并[bing4]
不是bù shìno; is not; not
自zì(bound form) self; oneself; from; since; naturally; as a matter of course
实验室shí yàn shìlaboratory; CL:間|间[jian1]
或者huò zhěor; possibly; maybe; perhaps
工厂gōng chǎngfactory; CL:家[jia1],座[zuo4]
而是ér shìrather
安静ān jìngquiet; peaceful; calm
认真rèn zhēnconscientious; earnest; serious; to take seriously; to take to heart
工作gōng zuòto work; (of a machine) to operate; job; work; task; CL:個|个[ge4],份[fen4],項|项[xiang4]
耐心nài xīnto be patient; patience
积jito amass; to accumulate; to store up; (TCM) constipation; indigestion
累lěito accumulate; to involve or implicate (Taiwan pr. [lei4]); continuous; repeated; rope; to bind together; to twist around
也许yě xǔperhaps; maybe
东Dōngsurname Dong
西Xīthe West; abbr. for Spain 西班牙[Xi1 ban1 ya2]; Spanish
需要xū yàoto need; to want; to demand; to require; needs