↶ Graded Readers

Geography: 霍尔木兹海峡 – The Strait of Hormuz

↶ Advanced reading practice

Geography: 霍尔木兹海峡 – The Strait of Hormuz

In today’s reading, we’ll tackle an encyclopedia-style passage about the geography and history of the Strait of Hormuz.

Geography: 霍尔ěr木Mù兹cí海峡hǎi xiá

霍尔ěr木Mù兹cí海峡hǎi xiá是shì连接lián jiē波斯Bō sī湾wan与yú阿曼A màn湾wan的de狭xiā长cháng水道shuǐ dào,亦yì是shì波斯Bō sī湾wan通往tōng wǎng外海wài hǎi的de唯wēi一yī海上hǎi shàng通道tōng dào,素有sù yǒu”世界shì jiè油库yóu kù总zǒng阀门Mén”之zhī称chèn。海峡hǎi xiá北běi岸àn为wéi伊朗lǎng伊斯Sī兰lān共gòng和hé国Guó领土lǐng tǔ,设有shè yǒu重要zhòng yào港口gǎng kǒu阿ā巴Bā斯Sī港Gǎng;南岸Nán àn则zé为wéi阿曼A màn苏丹Sū dān国Guó的de飞地fēi dì穆桑sang代dài姆mú省shěng以yǐ及jí阿ā拉lā伯bō联lián合gě酋长cháng国Guó。海峡hǎi xiá全长quán cháng约yāo167公里gōng lǐ(90海里hǎi lǐ),宽Kuān度dù介于jiè yú39公里gōng lǐ(21海里hǎi lǐ)至zhì97公里gōng lǐ(52海里hǎi lǐ)之间zhī jiān,最zuì窄zhái处chǔ仅jín约yāo33公里gōng lǐ。海峡hǎi xiá中部zhōng bù偏pian近jìn伊朗lǎng一yī侧cě有yǒu格gē什shén姆mú岛dǎo,为wéi波斯Bō sī湾wan内nèi最zuì大dà的de岛dǎo屿yú,隶属lì shǔ伊朗lǎng。

战略zhàn lu:e4地位dì wèi

因yīn波斯Bō sī湾wan沿岸yán àn诸zhu国Guó蕴藏yùn cáng有yǒu全球quán qíu最为zuì wéi丰富fēng fù的de石油shí yóu与yú天然气tiān rán qì资zī源yuān,霍尔ěr木Mù兹cí海峡hǎi xiá遂成为chéng wéi世界shì jiè能Néng源yuān运输yùn shū的de咽喉要冲yān hóu yào chōng,其qí战略zhàn lu:e4地位dì wèi之zhī重要zhòng yào,在zài全球quán qíu海上hǎi shàng贸mǎo易Yì通道tōng dào中Zhōng首屈一指shǒu qū yī zhǐ。2025年Nián,每日měi rì平Píng均jun约yāo有yǒu2,000万mò桶tóng原油yuán yóu及jí成品油chéng pǐn yóu经Jīng此cǐ海峡hǎi xiá运输yùn shū,约yāo占zhàn全球quán qíu石油shí yóu海运hǎi yùn贸mǎo易Yì量liáng的de四sì分之fēn zhī一yī,相当于xiāng dāng yú全球quán qíu石油shí yóu液yě体tī消xiāo费Fèi量liáng的de五wǔ分之fēn zhī一yī。沙sha特tè阿ā拉lā伯bō为wéi经由jīng yóu该gāi海峡hǎi xiá出口chū kǒu原油yuán yóu最多zuì duō的de国家guó jiā,约yāo占zhàn海峡hǎi xiá原油yuán yóu总zǒng流líu量liáng的de38%;其余qí yú出口chū kǒu国Guó包Bāo括kuǒ伊拉lā克Kè、科kē威wei特tè、阿ā联lián酋、卡塔尔Kǎ tǎ ěr及jí伊朗lǎng。卡塔尔Kǎ tǎ ěr与yú阿ā联lián酋出口chū kǒu的de液化天然气yè huà tiān rán qì中Zhōng,分别fēn bié有yǒu约yāo93%和hé96%须xū经Jīng此cǐ海峡hǎi xiá运yùn往wǎng国Guó际jǐ市场shì chǎng,合gě计Jì约yāo占zhàn全球quán qíu液化天然气yè huà tiān rán qì贸mǎo易Yì量liáng的de五wǔ分之fēn zhī一yī。

海峡hǎi xiá所suǒ输出shū chū的de石油shí yóu主要zhǔ yào流líu向Xiàng亚Yà洲zhou市场shì chǎng,中国Zhōng guó、印Yìn度dù、日本Rì běn及jí韩hán国Guó为wéi四大sì dà主要zhǔ yào进口jìn kǒu国Guó,合gě计Jì接收jiē shōu了le经Jīng此cǐ海峡hǎi xiá原油yuán yóu流líu量liáng的de约yāo69%;其中qí zhōng仅jín中国Zhōng guó一yī国Guó,约yāo有yǒu三分sān fēn之一zhī yī的de石油shí yóu供gong应Yīng须xū经Jīng霍尔ěr木Mù兹cí海峡hǎi xiá输入shū rù。绕rǎo行háng霍尔ěr木Mù兹cí海峡hǎi xiá的de替tǐ代dài路线lù xiàn极jí为wéi有限yǒu xiàn:目前mù qián仅jín沙sha特tè阿ā拉lā伯bō的de东Dōng西Xī输油管shū yóu guǎn道dào(Petroline)与yú阿ā联lián酋的de阿ā布bù扎zha比Bǐ输油管shū yóu guǎn道dào(ADCOP)具备jù bèi绕rǎo行háng能Néng力Lì,两者liǎng zhě合gě计Jì备用bèi yòng产chǎn能Néng约yāo为wéi每日měi rì三Sān至zhì五wǔ百万bǎi wàn桶tóng,远yuǎn不足bù zú以yǐ弥补mí bǔ海峡hǎi xiá一旦yī dàn关Guān闭bì所suǒ造zǎo成Chéng的de运输yùn shū缺口quē kǒu。正zhēng因如此yīn rú cǐ,该gāi海峡hǎi xiá航运háng yùn之zhī通tōng畅chǎng与yú否fóu,直接zhí jiē关Guān乎hu全球quán qíu能Néng源yuān安全ān quán与yú经济jīng jì稳wén定dìng。

历lì史Shǐ沿革yán gé

霍尔ěr木Mù兹cí海峡hǎi xiá连通lián tōng波斯Bō sī湾wan与yú印Yìn度dù洋yáng,自古zì gǔ即为jí wéi东Dōng西方Xī fāng贸mǎo易Yì往wǎng来lái之zhī要yāo津jin。13世纪末shì jì mò,威wei尼斯Ní sī共gòng和hé国Guó旅行lu:3 xíng家马jiā mǎ可kě·波罗Bō luó曾Zēng取道qǔ dào此地cǐ dì归国guī guó,并bìng在zài其qí游Yóu记jì中Zhōng有所yǒu suǒ记载jì zǎi。14世纪shì jì中叶zhōng yè以降yǐ jiàng,霍尔ěr木Mù兹cí王国wáng guó(即jí中国Zhōng guó古Gǔ籍jī所suǒ载zǎi之zhī”忽Hū鲁Lǔ谟mō斯Sī”或huò”忽Hū鲁Lǔ谟mō厮”)崛起qǐ于Yú海峡hǎi xiá之zhī畔pàn,逐zhú渐jiǎn垄断lǒng duàn了le波斯Bō sī湾wan湾wan口kǒu的de贸mǎo易Yì进出jìn chū,成为chéng wéi印Yìn度dù洋yáng与yú西Xī亚Yà大dà陆lǔ之间zhī jiān重要zhòng yào的de商Shāng贸mǎo枢纽niú。

明代Míng dài永yǒng乐Lè、宣xuan德Dé年间nián jiān,三宝sān bǎo太监tài jiàn郑zhěng和hé率领shuài lǐng宝船bǎo chuán舰队jiàn duì七qī下西洋xià Xī yáng。自zì永yǒng乐Lè十一Shí Yī年Nián至zhì十三shí sān年Nián(1413—1415年Nián)的de第dì四次sì cì航行háng xíng起qǐ,船队chuán duì首次shǒu cì抵dí达Dá位于wèi yú波斯Bō sī湾wan湾wan口kǒu的de忽Hū鲁Lǔ谟mō斯Sī王国wáng guó,此cǐ后Hòu每次měi cì远航yuǎn háng皆jie必bì到此dào cǐ地de。据jǔ随行suí xíng通tōng事shì马Mǎ欢huān所suǒ著zhù《瀛yīng涯yā胜shèng览lǎn》及jí费Fèi信xìn所suǒ著zhù《星xīng槎胜shèng览lǎn》载zǎi,忽Hū鲁Lǔ谟mō斯Sī”国民guó mín皆jie富Fù”,市shì肆sì繁荣fán róng,为wéi西洋Xī yáng诸zhu番Pān之zhī大国dà guó。《明Míng史Shǐ》更gēng誉yǔ其qí为wéi”西洋Xī yáng大国dà guó”,永yǒng乐Lè、宣xuan德Dé两liǎng朝Cháo明Míng廷tíng与yú忽Hū鲁Lǔ谟mō斯Sī王国wáng guó交jiāo往wǎng甚shén密Mì,使节shǐ jié往wǎng来lái频pīn繁fán。时shí忽Hū鲁Lǔ谟mō斯Sī处于chǔ yú以yǐ波斯语Bō sī yǔ为wéi通用语tōng yòng yǔ言yán的de帖木Mù儿ér帝dǐ国势guó shì力Lì范fǎn围wéi之内zhī nèi,帖木Mù儿ér本人běn rén素有sù yǒu重建chóng jiàn蒙mēng古Gǔ大dà业Yè之zhī志zhì,曾Zēng多次duō cì扣kǒu押ya明朝Míng cháo使节shǐ jié,并bìng筹chōu划huá东Dōng征zhēng明朝Míng cháo,惟最zuì终zhong病bìng逝shǐ于Yú途tū中Zhōng而ér作罢zuò bà。故gù明初Míng chū与yú帖木Mù儿ér帝dǐ国Guó及jí其qí属shǔ邦bāng之间zhī jiān的de外wài交jiāo往wǎng来lái,于Yú中外zhōng wài关Guān系xì史Shǐ上shǎng具有jù yǒu深shēn远yuǎn意义yì yì。

16世纪shì jì初chū,葡pū萄tāo牙人yá rén东Dōng来lái,霍尔ěr木Mù兹cí王国wáng guó于Yú1507年Nián为wéi阿ā方Fāng索suó·德Dé·阿ā尔ěr布bù克Kè尔ěr克Kè所suǒ征服zhēng fú,自此zì cǐ海峡hǎi xiá落入luò rù欧Oū洲zhou殖民势力zhí mín shì lì之zhī掌zhǎng控kǒng,直至zhí zhì17世纪shì jì方Fāng由yóu波斯Bō sī萨sǎ非Fēi王朝wáng cháo收复shōu fù。

Hover a word for its pinyin & meaning; click to pin it.

Lesson vocabulary 397 words · 10 curated by the source

WordPinyinMeaning
海峡hǎi xiástrait; channel
咽喉要冲yān hóu yào chōngstrategic chokepoint; vital passage
蕴藏yùn cángto contain; to hold in store
液化天然气yè huà tiān rán qìliquefied natural gas (LNG)
飞地fēi dìexclave; enclave
贸易枢纽mào yì shū niǔtrade hub; commercial center
殖民势力zhí mín shì lìcolonial power
使节shǐ jiéenvoy; diplomatic mission
垄断lǒng duànto monopolize
首屈一指shǒu qū yī zhǐsecond to none; the best
霍
尔ěrvariant of 爾|尔[er3]; thus; so; like that; you; thou
木Mùsurname Mu
兹cíused in 龜茲|龟兹[Qiu1 ci2]
是shìto be (followed by substantives only); correct; right; true; (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well; (adverb for emphatic assertion); variant of 是[shi4]
连接lián jiēto link; to join; to connect
波斯Bō sīPersia
湾wanbay; to cast anchor
与yúvariant of 歟|欤[yu2]
阿曼A mànOman
的deof; ~'s (possessive particle); (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun); (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis); (used after a noun, verb or adjective to…
狭xiānarrow
长chánglong; (bound form) length; (bound form) strong point; forte; (bound form) to be good at; (literary) surplus; spare (Taiwan pr. [zhang4])
水道shuǐ dàowatercourse (river, canal, drain etc); water route; lane (in a swimming pool)
亦yìalso
通往tōng wǎngto lead to
外海wài hǎioffshore; open sea
唯wēionly; -ism (in Chinese, a prefix, often combined with a suffix such as 主義|主义[zhu3 yi4] or 論|论[lun4], e.g. 唯理論|唯理论[wei2 li3 lun4], rationalism)
一yīone; single; a (article); as soon as; entire; whole; all; throughout; "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1); also pr. [yao1] for greater clarity when spelling out …
海上hǎi shàngmaritime
通道tōng dào(communications) channel; thoroughfare; passage
素有sù yǒuto have; to have always had
世界shì jièworld
油库yóu kùfuel depot; fuel farm
总zǒng(bound form) general; overall; to sum up; in every case; always; invariably; anyway; after all; eventually; sooner or later; surely; (after a person's name) abbr. for 總經理|总经理[zong3…
阀
门Ménsurname Men
之zhī(possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的[de5]); him; her; it
称chènto fit; to match; to suit; (coll.) to have; to possess; Taiwan pr. [cheng4]
北běinorth; (classical) to be defeated
岸ànvariant of 岸[an4]; bank; shore; beach; coast
为wéias (in the capacity of); to take sth as; to act as; to serve as; to behave as; to become; to be; to do; by (in the passive voice); variant of 為|为[wei2]
伊
朗lǎngclear; bright
斯SīSlovakia; Slovak; abbr. for 斯洛伐克[Si1 luo4 fa2 ke4]
兰lānorchid; surname Lan
共gòngcommon; general; to share; together; total; altogether; abbr. for 共產黨|共产党[Gong4 chan3 dang3], Communist party
和héold variant of 和[he2]; surname He; (literary) harmonious (variant of 和[he2])
国Guósurname Guo
领土lǐng tǔterritory
设有shè yǒuto have; to incorporate; to feature
重要zhòng yàoimportant; significant; major
港口gǎng kǒuport; harbor
阿āprefix used before monosyllabic names, kinship terms etc to indicate familiarity; used in transliteration; (bound form) Afghanistan (abbr. for 阿富汗[A1 fu4 han4]); (bound form) Alban…
巴BāBa, a state during the Zhou dynasty (in present-day Chongqing and the eastern part of Sichuan); the east of Sichuan and Chongqing Municipality; surname Ba; (bound form) abbr. for 巴…
港GǎngHong Kong (abbr. for 香港[Xiang1 gang3]); surname Gang
南岸Nán ànsee 南岸區|南岸区[Nan2 an4 Qu1]
则zé(literary) (conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but; then; (bound form) standard; norm; (bound form) principle; (literary) to imitate; to follow; classifie…
苏丹Sū dānSudan
穆
桑sangmulberry tree; surname Sang
代dàito be a substitute for; to act on behalf of; to replace; to substitute; generation; dynasty; age; period; (historical) era; (geological) eon
姆múused in 姆媽|姆妈[m1 ma1]
省shěngto save; to economize; to be frugal; to omit; to delete; to leave out; province; provincial capital; a ministry (of the Japanese government)
以yǐold variant of 以[yi3]; abbr. for Israel 以色列[Yi3 se4 lie4]
及jíand; to reach; up to; in time for
拉lāto pull; to play (a bowed instrument); to drag; to draw; to chat; (coll.) to empty one's bowels
伯bōuncle; the eldest among brothers; (honorific) count
联lián(bound form) to ally oneself with; to unite; to combine; to join; (bound form) (poetry) antithetical couplet
合gě100 ml; one-tenth of a peck; measure for dry grain equal to one-tenth of sheng 升 or liter, or one-hundredth dou 斗; variant of 合[he2]
酋
全长quán chángoverall length; span
约yāoto weigh in a balance or on a scale
公里gōng lǐkilometer
海里hǎi lǐnautical mile
宽Kuānsurname Kuan
度dùto pass; to spend (time); measure; limit; extent; degree of intensity; degree (angles, temperature etc); kilowatt-hour; classifier for events and occurrences
介于jiè yúbetween; intermediate; to lie between
至zhìto arrive; most; to; until
之间zhī jiān(after a noun) between; among; amid; (used after certain bisyllabic words to form expressions indicating a short period of time, e.g. 彈指之間|弹指之间[tan2 zhi3 zhi1 jian1])
最zuìvariant of 最[zui4]; old variant of 最[zui4]; (before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est; (after 之[zhi1]) best or most extreme example (e.g. 世界之最[shi4 jie4 zhi1 zui4] "the greatest in the world")
窄zháinarrow; badly off
处chǔto reside; to live; to dwell; to be in; to be situated at; to stay; to get along with; to be in a position of; to deal with; to discipline; to punish
仅jínbarely; merely
中部zhōng bùmiddle part; central section; central region
偏pianto lean; oblique; to deviate from average; stubbornly
近jìnnear; close to; approximately
侧cěthe side; to lean; lateral
有yǒuto have; there is; (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意[you3 yi4] intentional)
格gēused in 格登[ge1 deng1]
什shénwhat
岛dǎovariant of 島|岛[dao3]; island; CL:個|个[ge4],座[zuo4]
内nèiinside; inner; internal; within; interior
大dàbig; large; great; older (than another person); eldest (as in 大姐[da4 jie3]); greatly; freely; fully; (dialect) father; (dialect) uncle (father's brother)
屿yúislet
隶属lì shǔto be subordinate to; to be under the jurisdiction of
战略zhàn lu:e4strategy
地位dì wèiposition; status; place; CL:個|个[ge4]
因yīnold variant of 因[yin1]; cause; reason; because
沿岸yán àncoastal area; littoral or riparian
诸zhuall; various; (in 诸位 'everyone'); surname Zhu
全球quán qíuthe whole world; worldwide; global
最为zuì wéithe most
丰富fēng fùto enrich; rich; plentiful; abundant
石油shí yóuoil; petroleum
天然气tiān rán qìnatural gas
资zīresources; capital; to provide; to supply; to support; money; expense
源yuānroot; origin
遂
成为chéng wéito become; to turn into
能Néngsurname Neng
运输yùn shūto transport; to carry; transportation
其qíhis; her; its; their; that; such; it (refers to sth preceding it)
在zàito exist; to be alive; (of sb or sth) to be (located) at; (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress)
贸mǎocommerce
易Yìsurname Yi; I Ching; Book of Changes (abbr. for 易經|易经[Yi4 jing1])
中Zhōng(bound form) China; Chinese; surname Zhong
年Niánsurname Nian; grain; harvest (old); variant of 年[nian2]
每日měi rìdaily; (soup etc) of the day
平Píngsurname Ping
均jun(bound form) equal; uniform; even
万mòused in 万俟[Mo4 qi2]; surname Wan
桶tóngbucket; barrel (of oil etc)
原油yuán yóucrude oil
成品油chéng pǐn yóurefined oil
经Jīngsurname Jing
此cǐthis; these
占zhànvariant of 占[zhan4]; to observe; to divine
海运hǎi yùnshipping by sea
量liángto measure
四sìfour; 4
分之fēn zhī(indicating a fraction)
相当于xiāng dāng yúequivalent to
液yě(bound form) a liquid
体tīused in 體己|体己[ti1 ji5]; Taiwan pr. [ti3]
消xiāoto diminish; to subside; to consume; to reduce; to idle away (the time); (after 不[bu4] or 只[zhi3] or 何[he2] etc) to need; to require; to take
费Fèisurname Fei
五wǔfive; 5
沙shasand; granule; (of voice) hoarse; surname Sha
特tèspecial; unique; distinguished; especially; unusual; very; abbr. for 特克斯[te4 ke4 si1], tex
经由jīng yóuvia
该gāishould; ought to; probably; must be; to deserve; to owe; to be sb's turn to do sth; that; the above-mentioned
出口chū kǒuan exit; CL:個|个[ge4]; to speak; to export; (of a ship) to leave port
最多zuì duōat most; maximum; greatest (amount); maximal
国家guó jiācountry; nation; state
流líuto flow; to disseminate; to circulate or spread; to move or drift; to degenerate; to banish or send into exile; stream of water or sth resembling one; class, rate or grade
其余qí yúthe rest; the others; remaining; remainder; apart from them
包Bāosurname Bao
括kuǒ(bound form) to tie up; to tighten up; to put (text) in brackets
克Kèabbr. for 克羅地亞|克罗地亚[Ke4 luo2 di4 ya4], Croatia; (Tw) abbr. for 克羅埃西亞|克罗埃西亚[Ke4 luo2 ai1 xi1 ya4], Croatia; Ke (c. 2000 BC), seventh of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝[Yan2 di4] descended from Shennong 神農|神农[Shen2 nong2] Farmer God; variant of 剋|克[ke4]
科kēbranch of study; administrative section; division; field; branch; stage directions; family (taxonomy); rules; laws; to mete out (punishment); to levy (taxes etc); to fine sb; CL:個|…
威weipower; prestige
卡塔尔Kǎ tǎ ěrQatar
分别fēn biéto part; to leave each other; to distinguish; to tell apart; difference; distinction; in different ways; differently; separately; individually; respectively
须xūmust; to have to; to wait; beard; mustache; feeler (of an insect etc); tassel
运yùnto move; to transport; to use; to apply; fortune; luck; fate
往wǎngto go (in a direction); to; towards; (of a train) bound for; past; previous; old variant of 往[wang3]
际jǐborder; boundary; between; to meet; occasion
市场shì chǎngmarketplace; market; bazaar; (economics) market
计Jìsurname Ji
所suǒactually; place; classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc; that which; particle introducing a relative clause or passive; CL:個|个[ge4]
输出shū chūto output; to deliver (energy, data, signals etc); to export (goods, services, technology etc)
主要zhǔ yàomain; principal; major; primary
向Xiàngsurname Xiang; to tend toward; to guide; variant of 向[xiang4]; variant of 向[xiang4]; direction; orientation; to face; to turn toward; to; towards; shortly before; formerly
亚YàAsia; Asian; Taiwan pr. [Ya3]
洲zhoucontinent
中国Zhōng guóChina
印Yìnsurname Yin; abbr. for 印度[Yin4 du4], India
日本Rì běnJapan
韩hánHan (surname/state)
四大sì dàthe four elements: earth, water, fire, and wind (Buddhism); the four freedoms: speaking out freely, airing views fully, holding great debates, and writing big-character posters, 大鳴…
进口jìn kǒuto import; imported; entrance; inlet (for the intake of air, water etc)
接收jiē shōureception (of transmitted signal); to receive; to accept; to admit; to take over (e.g. a factory); to expropriate
了le(completed action marker); (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now); (modal particle intensifying preceding clause); (bound form) clear in one's mind; to understand clearly
其中qí zhōngamong; in; included among these
三分sān fēnsomewhat; to some degree
之一zhī yīone of (sth); one out of a multitude; one (third, quarter, percent etc)
供gongto provide; to supply
应Yīngsurname Ying; Taiwan pr. [Ying4]
输入shū rùto import; to input
绕rǎoto wind; to rotate around; to move around; to by-pass; to confuse
行háng(bound form) row; line; (bound form) line of business; trade; profession; (bound form) commercial firm; (bound form) to rank (first, second etc) among one's siblings (by age); (in …
替tǐto substitute for; to replace; on behalf of
路线lù xiànitinerary; route; political line (e.g. right revisionist road); CL:條|条[tiao2]
极jíextremely; pole (geography, physics); utmost; top
有限yǒu xiànlimited; finite
目前mù qiánat the present time; currently
东Dōngsurname Dong
西Xīthe West; abbr. for Spain 西班牙[Xi1 ban1 ya2]; Spanish
输油管shū yóu guǎnpetroleum pipeline
道dàoroad; path (CL:條|条[tiao2],股[gu3]); (bound form) way; reason; principle; (bound form) a skill; an art; a specialization; (Daoism) the Way; the Dao; to say (introducing a direct quot…
布bùvariant of 布[bu4]; to announce; to spread; cloth; to declare; to announce; to spread; to make known
扎zhato prick; mug or jug used for serving beer (loanword from "jar")
比BǐBelgium; Belgian; abbr. for 比利時|比利时[Bi3 li4 shi2]
具备jù bèito possess; to have; equipped with; able to fulfill (conditions or requirements)
力Lìsurname Li
两者liǎng zhěboth of them; the two of them
备用bèi yòngreserve; spare; alternate; backup
产chǎnto give birth; to reproduce; to produce; product; resource; estate; property; variant of 產|产[chan3]
三Sānsurname San
百万bǎi wànmillion
远yuǎnfar; distant; remote; (intensifier in a comparison) by far; much (lower etc)
不足bù zúinsufficient; lacking; deficiency; not enough; inadequate; not worth; cannot; should not
弥补mí bǔto complement; to make up for a deficiency
一旦yī dànin case (sth happens); if; once (sth happens, then...); when; in a short time; in one day
关Guānsurname Guan
闭bìto close; to stop up; to shut; to obstruct
造zǎoto make; to manufacture; to fabricate; party (in a lawsuit or legal agreement); classifier for crops
成Chéngsurname Cheng; short name for Chengdu 成都[Cheng2 du1]
缺口quē kǒunick; jag; gap; shortfall
正zhēngfirst month of the lunar year
因如此yīn rú cǐbecause of this
航运háng yùnshipping; transport
通tōngto go through; to know well; (suffix) expert; to connect; to communicate; open; to clear; classifier for letters, telegrams, phone calls etc
畅chǎngfree; smooth; free from worry
否fóuto negate; not
直接zhí jiēdirect (opposite: indirect 間接|间接[jian4 jie1]); immediate; straightforward
乎hu(classical particle similar to 於|于[yu2]) in; from; than
安全ān quánsafe; secure; safety; security
经济jīng jìeconomy; economic
稳wénsettled; steady; stable
定dìngto fix; to set; to make definite; to subscribe to (a newspaper etc); to book (tickets etc); to order (goods etc); to congeal; to coagulate; (literary) definitely
历lìold variant of 曆|历[li4]; old variant of 歷|历[li4]; calendar; to experience; to undergo; to pass through; all; each; every; history
史Shǐsurname Shi
沿革yán géevolution of sth over time; course of development; history
连通lián tōngto connect; to communicate; to relate; (math.) connected
洋yángocean; vast; foreign; silver dollar or coin
自古zì gǔ(since) ancient times; (from) time immemorial
即为jí wéito be considered to be; to be defined to be; to be called
西方Xī fāngthe West; the Occident; Western countries
来láito come; (used as a substitute for a more specific verb); hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來|回来[hui2 lai5]); ever since (as in 自古以來|自古以来[zi4 gu3…
要yāo(bound form) to demand; to coerce
津jinabbr. for Tianjin 天津[Tian1 jin1]
世纪末shì jì mòend of the century
尼斯Ní sīNice (city in France)
旅行lu:3 xíngto travel; journey; trip; CL:趟[tang4],次[ci4]
家马jiā mǎdomestic horse
可kě(prefix) can; may; able to; -able; to approve; to permit; to suit; (particle used for emphasis) certainly; very; but; however
波罗Bō luóPolo (car made by Volkswagen); surname Polo
曾Zēngsurname Zeng
取道qǔ dàovia; by way of; en route to
此地cǐ dìhere; this place
归国guī guóto go home (to one's native country); to return from abroad
并bìngand; furthermore; also; together with; (not) at all; simultaneously; to combine; to join; to merge; to combine; to amalgamate; short name for Taiyuan 太原[Tai4 yuan2]; variant of 並|并[bing4]
游Yóusurname You; to walk; to tour; to roam; to travel
记jìto record; to note; to memorize; to remember; mark; sign; classifier for blows, kicks, shots
有所yǒu suǒsomewhat; to some extent
记载jì zǎito write down; to record; written account
世纪shì jìcentury
中叶zhōng yèmid- (e.g. mid-century); middle period
以降yǐ jiàngsince (some point in the past)
王国wáng guókingdom; realm
即jínamely; that is; i.e.; prompt; at once; at present; even if; prompted (by the occasion); to approach; to come into contact; to assume (office); to draw near
古Gǔsurname Gu
籍jībook; record; registry; native place; affiliation; surname Ji
载zǎito record in writing; to carry (i.e. publish in a newspaper etc); Taiwan pr. [zai4]; year
忽Hūsurname Hu
鲁Lǔsurname Lu; Lu, an ancient state of China 魯國|鲁国[Lu3 guo2]; short name for Shandong 山東|山东[Shan1 dong1]
谟mōplan
或huòmaybe; perhaps; might; possibly; or
厮
崛
起qǐto rise; to raise; to get up; to set out; to start; to appear; to launch; to initiate (action); to draft; to establish; to get (from a depot or counter); verb suffix, to start; sta…
于Yúsurname Yu; (of time or place) in; at; on; (indicating any indirect relation) to; toward; vis-à-vis; with regard to; for; (indicating a source) from; out of; (used in comparison) than; (used i…
畔pàn(bound form) side; edge; boundary
逐zhú(bound form) to pursue; to chase; to drive away; one by one; individually
渐jiǎnto imbue
口kǒumouth; classifier for things with mouths (people, domestic animals, cannons, wells etc); classifier for bites or mouthfuls
进出jìn chūto enter and exit; to go in and out; inflow and outflow (of goods, vehicles, funds etc)
陆lǔland; continent; shore; to land; six (banker form); surname Lu
商ShāngShang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC); surname Shang
枢
纽niúto turn; button
明代Míng dàithe Ming dynasty (1368-1644)
永yǒngforever; always; perpetual
乐Lèsurname Le
宣xuanto declare; to announce; to publicize; to spread
德DéGermany; German; abbr. for 德國|德国[De2 guo2]; variant of 德[de2]
年间nián jiānin the years of; during those years; period (of dynasty or decade)
三宝sān bǎothe Three Precious Treasures of Buddhism, namely: the Buddha 佛, the Dharma 法 (his teaching), and the Sangha 僧 (his monastic order)
太监tài jiàncourt eunuch; palace eunuch
郑zhěngsurname Zheng; (hist.) the Zheng state (a Zhou-dynasty vassal state)
率领shuài lǐngto lead; to command; to head
宝船bǎo chuánChinese treasure ship, a type of large sailing ship in the fleet of Ming dynasty admiral Zheng He 鄭和|郑和[Zheng4 He2]
舰队jiàn duìfleet; CL:支[zhi1]
七qīseven; 7
下西洋xià Xī yángto sail west (from China) (used in reference to the 15th century voyages of Zheng He 鄭和|郑和[Zheng4 He2] to regions bordering the Indian Ocean)
自zì(bound form) self; oneself; from; since; naturally; as a matter of course
十一Shí YīPRC National Day (October 1st)
十三shí sānthirteen; 13
第dì(prefix indicating ordinal number, as in 第六[di4 liu4] "sixth"); (literary) grades in which successful candidates in the imperial examinations were placed; (old) residence of a high…
四次sì cìfourth; four times; quartic
航行háng xíngto sail; to fly; to navigate
船队chuán duìfleet (of ships)
首次shǒu cìfirst; first time; for the first time
抵díto press against; to support; to prop up; to be equal to; to match; to mortgage; to arrive at; to reach
达Dásurname Da
位于wèi yúto be located at; to be situated at; to lie
后Hòusurname Hou; back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later; post-
每次měi cìevery time
远航yuǎn hángto travel a great distance by sea or air; voyage; long-haul flight
皆jieall; in all cases
必bìcertainly; must; will; necessarily
到此dào cǐhereto; hereunto
地de-ly; structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct
据jǔaccording to; based on; evidence
随行suí xíngto accompany
事shìmatter; thing; item; work; affair; CL:件[jian4],樁|桩[zhuang1],回[hui2]
马Mǎsurname Ma; abbr. for Malaysia 馬來西亞|马来西亚[Ma3 lai2 xi1 ya4]
欢huānvariant of 歡|欢[huan1]; joyous; happy; pleased; hubbub; clamor; variant of 歡|欢[huan1]; a breed of horse; variant of 歡|欢[huan1]
著zhùto make known; to show; to prove; to write; book; outstanding
瀛yīngocean
涯yāborder; shore
胜shèngvictory; success; to beat; to defeat; to surpass; victorious; superior to; to get the better of; better than; surpassing; superb (of vista); beautiful (scenery); wonderful (view); …
览lǎnto look at; to view; to read
信xìnletter; mail; CL:封[feng1]; to trust; to believe; to profess faith in; truthful; confidence; trust; at will; at random
星xīngstar; heavenly body; satellite; small amount
槎
国民guó mínnationals; citizens; people of a nation
富Fùsurname Fu
市shìmarket; city; municipality (administrative unit); (literary) to trade; to buy and sell goods
肆sìfour (banker's anti-fraud numeral); unrestrained; wanton; (literary) shop
繁荣fán róngprosperous; booming
西洋Xī yángthe West (Europe and North America); countries of the Indian Ocean (traditional)
番Pānsurname Pan
大国dà guóa power (i.e. a dominant country)
明MíngMing Dynasty (1368–1644); surname Ming; Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝[Yan2 di4] descended from Shennong 神農|神农[Shen2 nong2] Farmer God
更gēngto change or replace; to experience; one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided; watch (e.g. of a sentry or guard)
誉yǔto praise; reputation
两liǎngtwo; both; some; a few; tael, unit of weight equal to 50 grams (modern) or 1⁄16 of a catty 斤[jin1] (old)
朝Cháoabbr. for 朝鮮|朝鲜[Chao2 xian3] Korea
廷tíngpalace courtyard
交jiāoto hand over; to deliver; to pay (money); to turn over; to make friends; (of lines) to intersect; variant of 跤[jiao1]
甚shénvariant of 什[shen2]
密Mìsurname Mi; name of an ancient state
频pīnfrequency; repetitious
繁fánold variant of 繁[fan2]; surname Po
时shíold variant of 時|时[shi2]; surname Shi
处于chǔ yúto be in (some state, position, or condition)
波斯语Bō sī yǔPersian (language); Farsi
通用语tōng yòng yǔcommon language; lingua franca
言yánwords; speech; to say; to talk
帖
儿érchild; son
帝dǐ(bound form) emperor; sovereign; supreme deity
国势guó shìnational strength; situation in a state
范fǎnpattern; example
围wéito encircle; to surround; all around; to wear by wrapping around (scarf, shawl)
之内zhī nèiinside; within
本人běn rénI; me; myself; oneself; yourself; himself; herself; the person concerned
重建chóng jiànto rebuild; to reconstruct; to reestablish
蒙mēng(literary) sincere; honest; genuine
业Yèsurname Ye
志zhìaspiration; ambition; the will; sign; mark; to record; to write a footnote
多次duō cìmany times; repeatedly
扣kǒuto fasten; button; knot; to confiscate; discount; to smash, spike or dunk (a ball); (fig.) to tag a label on sb
押yato mortgage; to detain in custody; (literary) to sign
明朝Míng cháoMing Dynasty (1368-1644)
筹chōuchip (in gambling); token (for counting); ticket; resource; way; means
划huáto row; to paddle; profitable; worth (the effort); it pays (to do sth); to cut; to slash; to scratch (cut into the surface of sth); to strike (a match)
征zhēngjourney; trip; expedition; to go on long campaign; to attack; to invite; to recruit; to levy (taxes); to draft (troops); phenomenon; symptom; characteristic sign (used as proof); evidence
惟
终zhongend
病bìngillness; CL:場|场[chang2]; disease; to fall ill; defect
逝shǐ(of flowing water or time) to pass by
途tūway; road
而érand; as well as; and so; but (not); yet (not); (indicates causal relation); (indicates change of state); (indicates contrast)
作罢zuò bàto drop (subject etc)
故gùhappening; instance; reason; cause; intentional; former; old; friend; therefore; hence; (of people) to die, dead
明初Míng chūthe early Ming (i.e. from second half of 14th century)
属shǔcategory; genus (taxonomy); family members; dependents; to belong to; subordinate to; affiliated with; be born in the year of (one of the 12 animals); to be; to prove to be; to con…
邦bāng(bound form) country; nation; state
外wàioutside; in addition; foreign; external
中外zhōng wàiSino-foreign; Chinese-foreign; home and abroad
系xìto connect; to relate to; to tie up; to bind; to be (literary); system; department; faculty; to tie; to fasten; to button up
上shǎngused in 上聲|上声[shang3 sheng1]
具有jù yǒuto have; to possess
深shēnold variant of 深[shen1]; (lit. and fig.) deep
意义yì yìsense; meaning; significance; importance; CL:個|个[ge4]
初chū(bound form) at first; initially; (bound form) first; early; (bound form) (in lunar calendar dates, before numerals 1–10) days 1 to 10 of a month, as in 初三[chu1 san1] "the third"
葡pūPortugal; abbr. for 葡萄牙[Pu2 tao2 ya2]
萄tāoused in 葡萄[pu2 tao5]
牙人yá rén(old) middleman; broker
方Fāngsurname Fang
索suórope; to search for; to demand; to exact; to reduce; surname Suo
征服zhēng fúto conquer; to subdue; to vanquish
自此zì cǐsince then; henceforth
落入luò rùto fall into
欧OūEurope (abbr. for 歐洲|欧洲[Ou1 zhou1]); European Union (abbr. for 歐盟|欧盟[Ou1 meng2]); surname Ou
掌zhǎngpalm of the hand; sole of the foot; paw; horseshoe; to slap; to hold in one's hand; to wield
控kǒngto control; to charge; to invert a container to empty it; enthusiast; -phile or -philia
直至zhí zhìlasting until; up till (the present)
由yóuto follow; from; because of; due to; by; via; through; (before a noun and a verb) it is for ... to ...
萨sǎ(component of Buddhist transliterations such as 菩萨 bodhisattva); surname Sa
非Fēiabbr. for 非洲[Fei1 zhou1], Africa
王朝wáng cháodynasty
收复shōu fùto recover (lost territory etc); to recapture