很长一段时间以来,人们总是认为爱冒险是有性别差异的,是天生的。
与女性相比,男性更倾向于追求比较刺激的事物,更喜爱挑战冒险运动。
徒手攀岩的探险家大多都是男性;
F1赛车历史上仅有5位正式女车手等。
在青少年阶段,男性意外伤害风险是女性的3.1倍;
中青年阶段,男性意外伤害风险是女性的2.38倍。
这在一定程度上反映了男性更倾向于冒险,面临的风险是比女性高的。
涉及到风险和获益时,大量的研究数据也表明,男性的冒险倾向依旧高于女性。
美国心理学家罗伊·鲍迈斯特从进化心理学的角度解释,认为人类创造的文化,将男人作为消耗品,鼓励其激烈竞争、优胜劣汰,努力超越他人获得更多资源,得以生存和延续。
而在繁衍上女性不需要去冒险,不用进行激烈的竞争,她们最关心的是怀孕以及孩子的照料,所以她们需要的是提升吸引力,获得更优秀的配偶来给她们提供舒适的生存环境。
英国心理学家也在研究中发现男性与女性的冒险倾向在数据上存在相当大的差异,他猜测这种区别由进化形成,早期的男性要负责打猎,因此必须冒险,女性则要更谨慎地将家庭成员维系在一起。
这种性别差异逐渐被写在基因里,在进化过程中达到一定平衡。
然而,最近美国休斯顿大学和中国复旦大学的博士提出了另外一种解释:男女冒险精神的差异更多的是后天被性别文化影响的。
进化心理学或者基因决定论不能完全解释男女在冒险行为上的性别差异。
在主流的父系社会中,男性普遍比女性更爱冒险。
但女性并不是先天地厌恶风险,在母系社会中,女性反而比男性更倾向于冒险。
因此,个体社会化的历程对其风险偏好有着极大的影响,家庭环境、社会环境都起着决定性的作用。
同时,在这个研究中我们也发现,如果将本来生活在母系社会中的女性个体放在父系社会中,她们对风险的厌恶程度便会增加。
这表明风险偏好的性别差异在早期社会化的过程中具有较强的可塑性。
Hover a word for its pinyin & meaning; click to pin it.
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| Chinese | Pinyin | English |
|---|---|---|
| 很 | hěn | very; quite |
| 长 | cháng | long |
| 一 | yī | one / single / a (article) |
| 段 | duàn | classifier for stories, periods of time, lengths of thread etc |
| 时间 | shí jiān | time |
| 以来 | yǐ lái | since (used after a specified time or event) |
| 人们 | rén men | people |
| 总是 | zǒng shì | always |
| 认为 | rèn wéi | to believe; to think; to consider; to feel |
| 爱 | ài | to be inclined (to do sth); to tend to (happen) |
| 冒险 | mào xiǎn | to take risks / to take chances |
| 是 | shì | to be (followed by substantives only) |
| 有 | yǒu | to have; there is |
| 性别 | xìng bié | sex; gender |
| 差异 | chā yì | difference; discrepancy |
| 的 | de | emphatic particle (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) |
| 天生 | tiān shēng | innate / natural |
| 与 | yǔ | (formal) with; from (marking the other participant in an interaction, comparison, or contrast) |
| 女性 | nǚ xìng | woman / the female sex |
| 相比 | xiāng bǐ | to compare |
| 男性 | nán xìng | the male sex / a male |
| 更 | gèng | more / even more / further / still / still more |
| 倾向 | qīng xiàng | trend / tendency / orientation |
| 于 | yú | (of time or place) in; at; on / (indicating any indirect relation) to; toward; vis-à-vis; with regard to; for / (indicating a source) from; out of / (used in comparison) than / (used in the passive voice) by |
| 追求 | zhuī qiú | to pursue (a goal etc) stubbornly / to seek after |
| 比较 | bǐ jiào | comparatively / relatively / quite |
| 刺激 | cì jī | to provoke; to irritate; to upset; to stimulate; to excite |
| 事物 | shì wù | thing; object |
| 喜爱 | xǐ ài | to like / to love / to be fond of |
| 挑战 | tiǎo zhàn | to challenge; to take on a challenge; a challenge |
| 运动 | yùn dòng | to exercise / sports / exercise |
| 徒手攀岩 | tú shǒu pān yán | free solo rock climbing; climbing without ropes or protective gear |
| 探险家 | tàn xiǎn jiā | explorer |
| 大多 | dà duō | for the most part / mostly |
| 都 | dōu | all; both; entirely |
| 赛车 | sài chē | auto race / cycle race / race car |
| 历史 | lì shǐ | history |
| 上 | shàng | (noun suffix) on; above |
| 仅 | jǐn | barely / only / merely |
| 位 | wèi | classifier for people (honorific) |
| 正式 | zhèng shì | formal; official |
| 女 | nǚ | female |
| 车手 | chē shǒu | racing driver (in a car race); rider (in a motorcycle or bicycle race) / (Tw) low-level operative in a scam syndicate |
| 等 | děng | and so on; etc.; et al. / (used to end an enumeration) |
| 在 | zài | (of sb or sth) to be (located) at |
| 青少年 | qīng shào nián | adolescent / youth / teenager |
| 阶段 | jiē duàn | stage / section / phase / period |
| 意外 | yì wài | accident / mishap |
| 伤害 | shāng hài | to injure; to harm |
| 风险 | fēng xiǎn | risk; hazard |
| 倍 | bèi | (two, three etc) -fold / times (multiplier) / double |
| 中青年 | zhōng qīng nián | middle-aged |
| 这 | zhè | this; these |
| 一定 | yī dìng | a certain ...; a given ... |
| 程度 | chéng dù | degree; level; extent |
| 反映 | fǎn yìng | to mirror / to reflect / mirror image / reflection |
| 了 | le | (completed action marker) / (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) |
| 面临 | miàn lín | to face sth; to be confronted with |
| 比 | bǐ | (followed by a noun and adjective) more {adj.} than {noun} / (in some compounds derived from Classical Chinese) |
| 高 | gāo | high / tall / above average / loud |
| 涉及 | shè jí | to involve; to relate to; to concern; to touch upon |
| 到 | dào | to reach; to arrive / to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point) / (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point) |
| 和 | hé | and; together with |
| 获益 | huò yì | to profit from sth / to get benefit |
| 时 | shí | when |
| 大量 | dà liàng | great amount / large quantity / bulk |
| 研究 | yán jiū | research / a study |
| 数据 | shù jù | data |
| 也 | yě | also; too; as well; (not ...) either |
| 表明 | biǎo míng | to make clear / to make known / to state clearly / to indicate |
| 依旧 | yī jiù | as before; still |
| 美国 | Měi guó | United States; USA; US |
| 心理学家 | xīn lǐ xué jiā | psychologist |
| 罗伊·鲍迈斯特 | Luó yī Bào Mài sī tè | Roy Baumeister, an American psychologist. |
| 从 | cóng | from; through; via / (bound form) retainer; attendant / (bound form) assistant; auxiliary; subordinate / (bound form) related by common paternal grandfather or earlier ancestor |
| 进化 | jìn huà | evolution |
| 心理学 | xīn lǐ xué | psychology |
| 角度 | jiǎo dù | angle / (fig.) point of view |
| 解释 | jiě shì | to explain / to interpret / to resolve |
| 人类 | rén lèi | humanity / human race / mankind |
| 创造 | chuàng zào | to create / to bring about / to produce / to set (a record) |
| 文化 | wén huà | culture / civilization |
| 将 | jiāng | (introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把) |
| 男人 | nán rén | a man / a male / men |
| 作为 | zuò wéi | to act as / to view as / to look upon (sth as) / to take sth to be |
| 消耗品 | xiāo hào pǐn | consumable goods; expendable item |
| 鼓励 | gǔ lì | to encourage |
| 其 | qí | it (refers to sth preceding it) |
| 激烈 | jī liè | (of competition or fighting) intense / fierce / (of pain) acute / (of an expression of opinion) impassioned / vehement / (of a course of action) drastic / extreme |
| 竞争 | jìng zhēng | competition |
| 优胜劣汰 | yōu shèng liè tài | survival of the fittest (idiom) |
| 努力 | nǔ lì | to make an effort; to try hard; to strive |
| 超越 | chāo yuè | to surpass; to exceed; to transcend |
| 他人 | tā rén | another person; sb else; other people |
| 获得 | huò dé | to obtain; to receive; to get |
| 更多 | gèng duō | more; greater in amount, degree, or number |
| 资源 | zī yuán | natural resource / resource |
| 得以 | dé yǐ | able to / so that sb can / enabling / in order to / finally in a position to / with sth in view |
| 生存 | shēng cún | to exist / to survive |
| 延续 | yán xù | to continue / to go on / to last |
| 而 | ér | but (not) / yet (not) / (indicates contrast) |
| 繁衍 | fán yǎn | to multiply / to reproduce / to increase gradually in number or quantity |
| 不 | bù | no; not so |
| 需要 | xū yào | to need; to want; to demand; to require |
| 去 | qù | to go, to go to |
| 不用 | bù yòng | need not |
| 进行 | jìn xíng | (of people) to carry out; to conduct (an investigation or discussion etc) |
| 她们 | tā men | they; them (females) |
| 最 | zuì | (before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est |
| 关心 | guān xīn | to be concerned about; to care about |
| 怀孕 | huái yùn | gestation / pregnancy |
| 以及 | yǐ jí | and; as well as |
| 孩子 | hái zi | child |
| 照料 | zhào liào | to tend / to take care of sb |
| 所以 | suǒ yǐ | therefore / as a result / so |
| 提升 | tí shēng | (fig.) to elevate; to raise; to improve |
| 吸引力 | xī yǐn lì | attractive force (such as gravitation) / sex appeal / attractiveness |
| 优秀 | yōu xiù | outstanding; excellent |
| 配偶 | pèi ǒu | spouse |
| 来 | lái | (between two verbs) in order to |
| 给 | gěi | to / for / for the benefit of / to do sth (for sb) |
| 提供 | tí gōng | to offer / to supply / to provide / to furnish |
| 舒适 | shū shì | cozy / snug |
| 环境 | huán jìng | environment / circumstances / surroundings |
| 英国 | Yīng guó | United Kingdom (UK); Britain |
| 中 | zhōng | while (doing sth); during |
| 发现 | fā xiàn | to notice; to become aware of / to discover; to find; to detect |
| 存在 | cún zài | to exist / to be |
| 相当 | xiāng dāng | considerably / fairly / quite |
| 大 | dà | big; large; great / older (than another person) / eldest |
| 他 | tā | he; him; his |
| 猜测 | cāi cè | to guess / to conjecture / to surmise |
| 种 | zhǒng | classifier for types, kinds, sorts |
| 区别 | qū bié | difference |
| 由 | yóu | from / because of; due to / by; via; through / (before a noun and a verb) it is for ... to ... |
| 形成 | xíng chéng | to form; to take shape |
| 早期 | zǎo qī | early period; early phase; early stage |
| 要 | yào | will; shall; about to / need to; should / if |
| 负责 | fù zé | to be responsible for; to be in charge of; to bear responsibility for |
| 打猎 | dǎ liè | to go hunting |
| 因此 | yīn cǐ | thus; consequently; as a result |
| 必须 | bì xū | to have to / must / compulsory / necessarily |
| 则 | zé | (literary) (conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but; then |
| 谨慎 | jǐn shèn | cautious / prudent |
| 地 | de | -ly / structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct |
| 家庭 | jiā tíng | family; household |
| 成员 | chéng yuán | member |
| 维系 | wéi xì | to maintain / to keep up / to hold together |
| 一起 | yī qǐ | together; in company (with) |
| 逐渐 | zhú jiàn | gradually |
| 被 | bèi | used to indicate passive voice (placed before the doer of the action like "by" in English passive-voice sentences, or, if the doer is not mentioned, before the verb) / (sarcastic or jocular) used to indicate that the following word should be regarded as being in air quotes |
| 写 | xiě | to write |
| 基因 | jī yīn | gene (loanword) |
| 里 | lǐ | lining / interior / inside |
| 过程 | guò chéng | course of events; process |
| 达到 | dá dào | to reach; to achieve; to attain |
| 平衡 | píng héng | balance / equilibrium |
| 然而 | rán ér | however; but; yet |
| 最近 | zuì jìn | recently |
| 休斯顿 | Xiū sī dùn | Houston |
| 大学 | dà xué | university / college |
| 中国 | Zhōng guó | China |
| 复旦 | Fù dàn | Fudan University, Shanghai |
| 博士 | bó shì | doctor (as an academic degree) |
| 提出 | tí chū | to raise (an issue) / to propose / to put forward / to suggest / to post (on a website) |
| 另外 | lìng wài | additional / separate / other |
| 男 | nán | (bound form) male |
| 精神 | jīng shén | spirit / mind / consciousness / thought / mental / psychological |
| 后天 | hòu tiān | life after birth (the period in which one develops through experiences, contrasted with 先天) |
| 影响 | yǐng xiǎng | to influence / to affect / to disturb |
| 或者 | huò zhě | or |
| 决定 | jué dìng | to decide; to determine; to make up one's mind |
| 论 | lùn | opinion / view / theory / doctrine |
| 能 | néng | can / to be able to / might possibly |
| 完全 | wán quán | totally; entirely |
| 行为 | xíng wéi | action; conduct; behavior; activity |
| 主流 | zhǔ liú | main stream (of a river) / fig. the essential point / main viewpoint of a matter / mainstream (culture etc) |
| 父系 | fù xì | patrilineal |
| 社会 | shè huì | society |
| 普遍 | pǔ biàn | universal / general / widespread / common |
| 但 | dàn | but; yet; however; still |
| 并 | bìng | (not) at all |
| 不是 | bù shì | is not |
| 先天 | xiān tiān | inborn; innate; natural |
| 厌恶 | yàn wù | to loathe / to hate |
| 母系 | mǔ xì | maternal / matriarchal |
| 反而 | fǎn ér | on the contrary; instead |
| 个体 | gè tǐ | individual |
| 化 | huà | -ization |
| 历程 | lì chéng | course / process |
| 对 | duì | towards; at; for / concerning; regarding |
| 偏好 | piān hào | to have a special liking (for sth) |
| 着 | zhe | aspect particle indicating action in progress or ongoing state |
| 极 | jí | extremely |
| 起 | qǐ | to rise / to raise / to get up / to set out / to start / to appear / to launch / to initiate (action) / to draft / to establish / to get (from a depot or counter) |
| 决定性 | jué dìng xìng | decisive / conclusive |
| 作用 | zuò yòng | action; function; activity / impact; result; effect |
| 同时 | tóng shí | at the same time; simultaneously |
| 个 | gè | classifier for people or objects in general |
| 我们 | wǒ men | we; us; ourselves; our |
| 如果 | rú guǒ | if; in case; in the event that |
| 本来 | běn lái | originally / at first / of course |
| 生活 | shēng huó | to live |
| 放在 | fàng zài | to place; to put in a location; figuratively, to put oneself in a position |
| 便 | biàn | equivalent to 就[jiu4]: then / in that case |
| 会 | huì | to be likely to; to be sure to |
| 增加 | zēng jiā | to raise; to increase |
| 具有 | jù yǒu | to have; to possess |
| 较 | jiào | (before an adjective) relatively; comparatively; rather |
| 强 | qiáng | strong / powerful / better / vigorous / violent / best in their category |
| 可塑性 | kě sù xìng | plasticity |