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Are men more adventurous than women?

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Are men more adventurous than women?

很hěn长cháng一yī段duàn时间shí jiān以来yǐ lái,人们rén men总是zǒng shì认为rèn wéi爱ài冒险mào xiǎn是shì有yǒu性别xìng bié差异chā yì的de,是shì天生tiān shēng的de。

与yǔ女性nǚ xìng相比xiāng bǐ,男性nán xìng更gèng倾向qīng xiàng于yú追求zhuī qiú比较bǐ jiào刺激cì jī的de事物shì wù,更gèng喜爱xǐ ài挑战tiǎo zhàn冒险mào xiǎn运动yùn dòng。

徒手攀岩tú shǒu pān yán的de探险家tàn xiǎn jiā大多dà duō都dōu是shì男性nán xìng;

F1赛车sài chē历史lì shǐ上shàng仅jǐn有yǒu5位wèi正式zhèng shì女nǚ车手chē shǒu等děng。

在zài青少年qīng shào nián阶段jiē duàn,男性nán xìng意外yì wài伤害shāng hài风险fēng xiǎn是shì女性nǚ xìng的de3.1倍bèi;

中青年zhōng qīng nián阶段jiē duàn,男性nán xìng意外yì wài伤害shāng hài风险fēng xiǎn是shì女性nǚ xìng的de2.38倍bèi。

这zhè在zài一定yī dìng程度chéng dù上shàng反映fǎn yìng了le男性nán xìng更gèng倾向qīng xiàng于yú冒险mào xiǎn,面临miàn lín的de风险fēng xiǎn是shì比bǐ女性nǚ xìng高gāo的de。

涉及shè jí到dào风险fēng xiǎn和hé获益huò yì时shí,大量dà liàng的de研究yán jiū数据shù jù也yě表明biǎo míng,男性nán xìng的de冒险mào xiǎn倾向qīng xiàng依旧yī jiù高gāo于yú女性nǚ xìng。

美国Měi guó心理学家xīn lǐ xué jiā罗伊·鲍迈斯特Luó yī Bào Mài sī tè从cóng进化jìn huà心理学xīn lǐ xué的de角度jiǎo dù解释jiě shì,认为rèn wéi人类rén lèi创造chuàng zào的de文化wén huà,将jiāng男人nán rén作为zuò wéi消耗品xiāo hào pǐn,鼓励gǔ lì其qí激烈jī liè竞争jìng zhēng、优胜劣汰yōu shèng liè tài,努力nǔ lì超越chāo yuè他人tā rén获得huò dé更多gèng duō资源zī yuán,得以dé yǐ生存shēng cún和hé延续yán xù。

而ér在zài繁衍fán yǎn上shàng女性nǚ xìng不bù需要xū yào去qù冒险mào xiǎn,不用bù yòng进行jìn xíng激烈jī liè的de竞争jìng zhēng,她们tā men最zuì关心guān xīn的de是shì怀孕huái yùn以及yǐ jí孩子hái zi的de照料zhào liào,所以suǒ yǐ她们tā men需要xū yào的de是shì提升tí shēng吸引力xī yǐn lì,获得huò dé更gèng优秀yōu xiù的de配偶pèi ǒu来lái给gěi她们tā men提供tí gōng舒适shū shì的de生存shēng cún环境huán jìng。

英国Yīng guó心理学家xīn lǐ xué jiā也yě在zài研究yán jiū中zhōng发现fā xiàn男性nán xìng与yǔ女性nǚ xìng的de冒险mào xiǎn倾向qīng xiàng在zài数据shù jù上shàng存在cún zài相当xiāng dāng大dà的de差异chā yì,他tā猜测cāi cè这zhè种zhǒng区别qū bié由yóu进化jìn huà形成xíng chéng,早期zǎo qī的de男性nán xìng要yào负责fù zé打猎dǎ liè,因此yīn cǐ必须bì xū冒险mào xiǎn,女性nǚ xìng则zé要yào更gèng谨慎jǐn shèn地de将jiāng家庭jiā tíng成员chéng yuán维系wéi xì在zài一起yī qǐ。

这zhè种zhǒng性别xìng bié差异chā yì逐渐zhú jiàn被bèi写xiě在zài基因jī yīn里lǐ,在zài进化jìn huà过程guò chéng中zhōng达到dá dào一定yī dìng平衡píng héng。

然而rán ér,最近zuì jìn美国Měi guó休斯顿Xiū sī dùn大学dà xué和hé中国Zhōng guó复旦Fù dàn大学dà xué的de博士bó shì提出tí chū了le另外lìng wài一yī种zhǒng解释jiě shì:男nán女nǚ冒险mào xiǎn精神jīng shén的de差异chā yì更多gèng duō的de是shì后天hòu tiān被bèi性别xìng bié文化wén huà影响yǐng xiǎng的de。

进化jìn huà心理学xīn lǐ xué或者huò zhě基因jī yīn决定jué dìng论lùn不bù能néng完全wán quán解释jiě shì男nán女nǚ在zài冒险mào xiǎn行为xíng wéi上shàng的de性别xìng bié差异chā yì。

在zài主流zhǔ liú的de父系fù xì社会shè huì中zhōng,男性nán xìng普遍pǔ biàn比bǐ女性nǚ xìng更gèng爱ài冒险mào xiǎn。

但dàn女性nǚ xìng并bìng不是bù shì先天xiān tiān地de厌恶yàn wù风险fēng xiǎn,在zài母系mǔ xì社会shè huì中zhōng,女性nǚ xìng反而fǎn ér比bǐ男性nán xìng更gèng倾向qīng xiàng于yú冒险mào xiǎn。

因此yīn cǐ,个体gè tǐ社会shè huì化huà的de历程lì chéng对duì其qí风险fēng xiǎn偏好piān hào有yǒu着zhe极jí大dà的de影响yǐng xiǎng,家庭jiā tíng环境huán jìng、社会shè huì环境huán jìng都dōu起qǐ着zhe决定性jué dìng xìng的de作用zuò yòng。

同时tóng shí,在zài这zhè个gè研究yán jiū中zhōng我们wǒ men也yě发现fā xiàn,如果rú guǒ将jiāng本来běn lái生活shēng huó在zài母系mǔ xì社会shè huì中zhōng的de女性nǚ xìng个体gè tǐ放在fàng zài父系fù xì社会shè huì中zhōng,她们tā men对duì风险fēng xiǎn的de厌恶yàn wù程度chéng dù便biàn会huì增加zēng jiā。

这zhè表明biǎo míng风险fēng xiǎn偏好piān hào的de性别xìng bié差异chā yì在zài早期zǎo qī社会shè huì化huà的de过程guò chéng中zhōng具有jù yǒu较jiào强qiáng的de可塑性kě sù xìng。

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Vocabulary 211 words

ChinesePinyinEnglish
很 hěnvery; quite
长 chánglong
一 yīone / single / a (article)
段 duànclassifier for stories, periods of time, lengths of thread etc
时间 shí jiāntime
以来 yǐ láisince (used after a specified time or event)
人们 rén menpeople
总是 zǒng shìalways
认为 rèn wéito believe; to think; to consider; to feel
爱 àito be inclined (to do sth); to tend to (happen)
冒险 mào xiǎnto take risks / to take chances
是 shìto be (followed by substantives only)
有 yǒuto have; there is
性别 xìng biésex; gender
差异 chā yìdifference; discrepancy
的 deemphatic particle (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)
天生 tiān shēnginnate / natural
与 yǔ(formal) with; from (marking the other participant in an interaction, comparison, or contrast)
女性 nǚ xìngwoman / the female sex
相比 xiāng bǐto compare
男性 nán xìngthe male sex / a male
更 gèngmore / even more / further / still / still more
倾向 qīng xiàngtrend / tendency / orientation
于 yú(of time or place) in; at; on / (indicating any indirect relation) to; toward; vis-à-vis; with regard to; for / (indicating a source) from; out of / (used in comparison) than / (used in the passive voice) by
追求 zhuī qiúto pursue (a goal etc) stubbornly / to seek after
比较 bǐ jiàocomparatively / relatively / quite
刺激 cì jīto provoke; to irritate; to upset; to stimulate; to excite
事物 shì wùthing; object
喜爱 xǐ àito like / to love / to be fond of
挑战 tiǎo zhànto challenge; to take on a challenge; a challenge
运动 yùn dòngto exercise / sports / exercise
徒手攀岩 tú shǒu pān yánfree solo rock climbing; climbing without ropes or protective gear
探险家 tàn xiǎn jiāexplorer
大多 dà duōfor the most part / mostly
都 dōuall; both; entirely
赛车 sài chēauto race / cycle race / race car
历史 lì shǐhistory
上 shàng(noun suffix) on; above
仅 jǐnbarely / only / merely
位 wèiclassifier for people (honorific)
正式 zhèng shìformal; official
女 nǚfemale
车手 chē shǒuracing driver (in a car race); rider (in a motorcycle or bicycle race) / (Tw) low-level operative in a scam syndicate
等 děngand so on; etc.; et al. / (used to end an enumeration)
在 zài(of sb or sth) to be (located) at
青少年 qīng shào niánadolescent / youth / teenager
阶段 jiē duànstage / section / phase / period
意外 yì wàiaccident / mishap
伤害 shāng hàito injure; to harm
风险 fēng xiǎnrisk; hazard
倍 bèi(two, three etc) -fold / times (multiplier) / double
中青年 zhōng qīng niánmiddle-aged
这 zhèthis; these
一定 yī dìnga certain ...; a given ...
程度 chéng dùdegree; level; extent
反映 fǎn yìngto mirror / to reflect / mirror image / reflection
了 le(completed action marker) / (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now)
面临 miàn línto face sth; to be confronted with
比 bǐ(followed by a noun and adjective) more {adj.} than {noun} / (in some compounds derived from Classical Chinese)
高 gāohigh / tall / above average / loud
涉及 shè jíto involve; to relate to; to concern; to touch upon
到 dàoto reach; to arrive / to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point) / (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point)
和 héand; together with
获益 huò yìto profit from sth / to get benefit
时 shíwhen
大量 dà liànggreat amount / large quantity / bulk
研究 yán jiūresearch / a study
数据 shù jùdata
也 yěalso; too; as well; (not ...) either
表明 biǎo míngto make clear / to make known / to state clearly / to indicate
依旧 yī jiùas before; still
美国 Měi guóUnited States; USA; US
心理学家 xīn lǐ xué jiāpsychologist
罗伊·鲍迈斯特 Luó yī Bào Mài sī tèRoy Baumeister, an American psychologist.
从 cóngfrom; through; via / (bound form) retainer; attendant / (bound form) assistant; auxiliary; subordinate / (bound form) related by common paternal grandfather or earlier ancestor
进化 jìn huàevolution
心理学 xīn lǐ xuépsychology
角度 jiǎo dùangle / (fig.) point of view
解释 jiě shìto explain / to interpret / to resolve
人类 rén lèihumanity / human race / mankind
创造 chuàng zàoto create / to bring about / to produce / to set (a record)
文化 wén huàculture / civilization
将 jiāng(introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把)
男人 nán réna man / a male / men
作为 zuò wéito act as / to view as / to look upon (sth as) / to take sth to be
消耗品 xiāo hào pǐnconsumable goods; expendable item
鼓励 gǔ lìto encourage
其 qíit (refers to sth preceding it)
激烈 jī liè(of competition or fighting) intense / fierce / (of pain) acute / (of an expression of opinion) impassioned / vehement / (of a course of action) drastic / extreme
竞争 jìng zhēngcompetition
优胜劣汰 yōu shèng liè tàisurvival of the fittest (idiom)
努力 nǔ lìto make an effort; to try hard; to strive
超越 chāo yuèto surpass; to exceed; to transcend
他人 tā rénanother person; sb else; other people
获得 huò déto obtain; to receive; to get
更多 gèng duōmore; greater in amount, degree, or number
资源 zī yuánnatural resource / resource
得以 dé yǐable to / so that sb can / enabling / in order to / finally in a position to / with sth in view
生存 shēng cúnto exist / to survive
延续 yán xùto continue / to go on / to last
而 érbut (not) / yet (not) / (indicates contrast)
繁衍 fán yǎnto multiply / to reproduce / to increase gradually in number or quantity
不 bùno; not so
需要 xū yàoto need; to want; to demand; to require
去 qùto go, to go to
不用 bù yòngneed not
进行 jìn xíng(of people) to carry out; to conduct (an investigation or discussion etc)
她们 tā menthey; them (females)
最 zuì(before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est
关心 guān xīnto be concerned about; to care about
怀孕 huái yùngestation / pregnancy
以及 yǐ jíand; as well as
孩子 hái zichild
照料 zhào liàoto tend / to take care of sb
所以 suǒ yǐtherefore / as a result / so
提升 tí shēng(fig.) to elevate; to raise; to improve
吸引力 xī yǐn lìattractive force (such as gravitation) / sex appeal / attractiveness
优秀 yōu xiùoutstanding; excellent
配偶 pèi ǒuspouse
来 lái(between two verbs) in order to
给 gěito / for / for the benefit of / to do sth (for sb)
提供 tí gōngto offer / to supply / to provide / to furnish
舒适 shū shìcozy / snug
环境 huán jìngenvironment / circumstances / surroundings
英国 Yīng guóUnited Kingdom (UK); Britain
中 zhōngwhile (doing sth); during
发现 fā xiànto notice; to become aware of / to discover; to find; to detect
存在 cún zàito exist / to be
相当 xiāng dāngconsiderably / fairly / quite
大 dàbig; large; great / older (than another person) / eldest
他 tāhe; him; his
猜测 cāi cèto guess / to conjecture / to surmise
种 zhǒngclassifier for types, kinds, sorts
区别 qū biédifference
由 yóufrom / because of; due to / by; via; through / (before a noun and a verb) it is for ... to ...
形成 xíng chéngto form; to take shape
早期 zǎo qīearly period; early phase; early stage
要 yàowill; shall; about to / need to; should / if
负责 fù zéto be responsible for; to be in charge of; to bear responsibility for
打猎 dǎ lièto go hunting
因此 yīn cǐthus; consequently; as a result
必须 bì xūto have to / must / compulsory / necessarily
则 zé(literary) (conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but; then
谨慎 jǐn shèncautious / prudent
地 de-ly / structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct
家庭 jiā tíngfamily; household
成员 chéng yuánmember
维系 wéi xìto maintain / to keep up / to hold together
一起 yī qǐtogether; in company (with)
逐渐 zhú jiàngradually
被 bèiused to indicate passive voice (placed before the doer of the action like "by" in English passive-voice sentences, or, if the doer is not mentioned, before the verb) / (sarcastic or jocular) used to indicate that the following word should be regarded as being in air quotes
写 xiěto write
基因 jī yīngene (loanword)
里 lǐlining / interior / inside
过程 guò chéngcourse of events; process
达到 dá dàoto reach; to achieve; to attain
平衡 píng héngbalance / equilibrium
然而 rán érhowever; but; yet
最近 zuì jìnrecently
休斯顿 Xiū sī dùnHouston
大学 dà xuéuniversity / college
中国 Zhōng guóChina
复旦 Fù dànFudan University, Shanghai
博士 bó shìdoctor (as an academic degree)
提出 tí chūto raise (an issue) / to propose / to put forward / to suggest / to post (on a website)
另外 lìng wàiadditional / separate / other
男 nán(bound form) male
精神 jīng shénspirit / mind / consciousness / thought / mental / psychological
后天 hòu tiānlife after birth (the period in which one develops through experiences, contrasted with 先天)
影响 yǐng xiǎngto influence / to affect / to disturb
或者 huò zhěor
决定 jué dìngto decide; to determine; to make up one's mind
论 lùnopinion / view / theory / doctrine
能 néngcan / to be able to / might possibly
完全 wán quántotally; entirely
行为 xíng wéiaction; conduct; behavior; activity
主流 zhǔ liúmain stream (of a river) / fig. the essential point / main viewpoint of a matter / mainstream (culture etc)
父系 fù xìpatrilineal
社会 shè huìsociety
普遍 pǔ biànuniversal / general / widespread / common
但 dànbut; yet; however; still
并 bìng(not) at all
不是 bù shìis not
先天 xiān tiāninborn; innate; natural
厌恶 yàn wùto loathe / to hate
母系 mǔ xìmaternal / matriarchal
反而 fǎn éron the contrary; instead
个体 gè tǐindividual
化 huà-ization
历程 lì chéngcourse / process
对 duìtowards; at; for / concerning; regarding
偏好 piān hàoto have a special liking (for sth)
着 zheaspect particle indicating action in progress or ongoing state
极 jíextremely
起 qǐto rise / to raise / to get up / to set out / to start / to appear / to launch / to initiate (action) / to draft / to establish / to get (from a depot or counter)
决定性 jué dìng xìngdecisive / conclusive
作用 zuò yòngaction; function; activity / impact; result; effect
同时 tóng shíat the same time; simultaneously
个 gèclassifier for people or objects in general
我们 wǒ menwe; us; ourselves; our
如果 rú guǒif; in case; in the event that
本来 běn láioriginally / at first / of course
生活 shēng huóto live
放在 fàng zàito place; to put in a location; figuratively, to put oneself in a position
便 biànequivalent to 就[jiu4]: then / in that case
会 huìto be likely to; to be sure to
增加 zēng jiāto raise; to increase
具有 jù yǒuto have; to possess
较 jiào(before an adjective) relatively; comparatively; rather
强 qiángstrong / powerful / better / vigorous / violent / best in their category
可塑性 kě sù xìngplasticity