如果你在中国生活过，可能会发现有些地区的人在外吃饭时会将碗筷先用开水烫一烫再吃，他们觉得这样做可以消毒。
但是烫一烫真的能消毒吗？
其实，这并不能达到消毒杀菌的目的，更像一种餐前仪式感。
高温消毒是最常见的消毒方式，很多病菌都能通过这种方式被杀灭，餐具也不例外。
不过，要达到效果必须具备两个条件：温度和时间。
一壶100度的开水倒入冰凉的餐具内，会使温度迅速降低，并持续下降，一般只能达到80-90度。
要消毒碗筷，需要将水温维持在80度，并且持续浸泡至少10分钟，才能杀灭部分细菌。
清洁、消毒和灭菌有什么不同呢？
清洁是指使用物理或化学方法清除物体表面的污垢、灰尘和有机物，比如日常洗手、拖地等。
消毒是指使用物理或化学方法杀灭或清除病原微生物，使其变得无害，例如用酒精擦皮肤、煮沸消毒等。
灭菌是指使用物理或化学方法杀灭或清除微生物，例如高压蒸汽灭菌、低温环氧乙烷灭菌等。
在医院中，几乎所有的医疗器具都需要进行消毒，其中很大一部分需要达到灭菌要求。
医疗器具通常分为高、中、低三个危险级别，根据不同级别有不同的清洁、消毒、灭菌要求。
在日常生活中，我们不需要达到医用级别的要求，只需掌握常识性的消毒和清洁方法就可以了。
Hover a word for its pinyin & meaning; click to pin it.
narration saved locally, offline — from https://download.mandarinbean.com/audio?source=aHR0cHM6Ly90cmFmZmljLmxpYnN5bi5jb20vc2VjdXJlL2xlYXJuY2hpbmVzZS82MTIxLm1wMw&filename=How-to-Disinfect.mp3&signature=c7cb3dccb98c1ca61d1043cefcfd07a6d224c77ac2bb013db58c064b4f201ce8
| Chinese | Pinyin | English |
|---|---|---|
| 如果 | rú guǒ | if; in case; in the event that |
| 你 | nǐ | you |
| 在 | zài | (of sb or sth) to be (located) at |
| 中国 | Zhōng guó | China |
| 生活 | shēng huó | to live |
| 过 | guo | (experienced action marker) |
| 可能 | kě néng | might (happen) / maybe / perhaps |
| 会 | huì | to be likely to; to be sure to |
| 发现 | fā xiàn | to notice; to become aware of / to discover; to find; to detect |
| 有些 | yǒu xiē | some |
| 地区 | dì qū | region; area (informal or geographical term) |
| 的 | de | possessive particle (of; 's) / modifying particle (used after an attribute to modify a noun or to form a nominal expression) |
| 人 | rén | person; people |
| 外 | wài | outside / external |
| 吃饭 | chī fàn | to have a meal / to eat |
| 时 | shí | when |
| 将 | jiāng | (introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把) |
| 碗 | wǎn | bowl / cup |
| 筷 | kuài | chopstick |
| 先 | xiān | beforehand; first; earlier / at first; originally / for the time being; for now |
| 用 | yòng | to use; to make use of; to employ / (coverb) with; using |
| 开水 | kāi shuǐ | boiled water / boiling water |
| 烫一烫 | tàng yī tàng | to briefly scald or rinse with hot water; to heat up quickly in hot water |
| 再 | zài | then (after sth, and not until then) |
| 吃 | chī | to eat; to consume / to eat at |
| 他们 | tā men | they; them |
| 觉得 | jué de | to think that ...; to feel that ... |
| 这样 | zhè yàng | this way; like this; so |
| 做 | zuò | to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc) |
| 可以 | kě yǐ | can / may / possible / able to |
| 消毒 | xiāo dú | to disinfect; to sterilize |
| 但是 | dàn shì | but; however |
| 真的 | zhēn de | really; truly; indeed |
| 能 | néng | can / to be able to / might possibly |
| 吗 | ma | (question particle for "yes-no" questions) |
| 其实 | qí shí | actually; in fact; really |
| 这 | zhè | this; these |
| 并 | bìng | (not) at all |
| 不能 | bù néng | cannot / must not / should not |
| 达到 | dá dào | to reach; to achieve; to attain |
| 杀菌 | shā jūn | to kill germs / to disinfect / to sterilize |
| 目的 | mù dì | purpose; aim; goal; target; objective |
| 更 | gèng | more / even more / further / still / still more |
| 像 | xiàng | to resemble / to be like / to look as if |
| 一 | yī | one / single / a (article) |
| 种 | zhǒng | classifier for types, kinds, sorts |
| 餐 | cān | meal |
| 前 | qián | ago / before / BC / former / formerly |
| 仪式 | yí shì | ceremony |
| 感 | gǎn | (suffix) sense of ~ |
| 高 | gāo | high / tall / above average / loud |
| 温 | wēn | (bound form) temperature / (TCM) fever / epidemic; pestilence |
| 是 | shì | to be (followed by substantives only) |
| 最 | zuì | (before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est |
| 常见 | cháng jiàn | commonly seen / common |
| 方式 | fāng shì | way; method; manner; mode; pattern (of behavior etc) |
| 很多 | hěn duō | many; a lot of |
| 病菌 | bìng jūn | harmful bacteria / pathogenic bacteria / germs |
| 都 | dōu | all; both; entirely |
| 通过 | tōng guò | by means of; through; via |
| 被 | bèi | used to indicate passive voice (placed before the doer of the action like "by" in English passive-voice sentences, or, if the doer is not mentioned, before the verb) / (sarcastic or jocular) used to indicate that the following word should be regarded as being in air quotes |
| 杀灭 | shā miè | to exterminate |
| 餐具 | cān jù | tableware; dinner service |
| 也 | yě | also; too; as well; (not ...) either |
| 不 | bù | no; not so |
| 例外 | lì wài | to be an exception |
| 不过 | bù guò | but / however |
| 要 | yào | will; shall; about to / need to; should / if |
| 效果 | xiào guǒ | result / effect / efficacy / (theater) sound or visual effects |
| 必须 | bì xū | to have to / must / compulsory / necessarily |
| 具备 | jù bèi | to possess / to have / able to fulfill (conditions or requirements) |
| 两 | liǎng | two / both / some / a few |
| 个 | gè | classifier for people or objects in general |
| 条件 | tiáo jiàn | requirement; prerequisite; qualification |
| 温度 | wēn dù | temperature |
| 和 | hé | and; together with |
| 时间 | shí jiān | time |
| 壶 | hú | classifier for bottled liquid |
| 度 | dù | degree (angles, temperature etc) / kilowatt-hour |
| 倒 | dào | to invert; to place upside down or frontside back / to pour out / to tip out; to dump / to go backward |
| 入 | rù | to enter; to go into / to join; to become a member of / (bound form) to conform to |
| 冰凉 | bīng liáng | ice-cold |
| 内 | nèi | inside / inner / internal / interior |
| 使 | shǐ | to make / to cause / to enable |
| 迅速 | xùn sù | rapid / speedy / fast |
| 降低 | jiàng dī | to reduce; to lower; to bring down |
| 持续 | chí xù | to continue / to persist / to last |
| 下降 | xià jiàng | to decline / to drop / to fall / to go down / to decrease |
| 一般 | yī bān | generally / in general |
| 只 | zhǐ | only; merely; just |
| 需要 | xū yào | to need; to want; to demand; to require |
| 水温 | shuǐ wēn | water temperature |
| 维持 | wéi chí | to keep; to maintain; to preserve |
| 并且 | bìng qiě | and; besides; moreover; furthermore; in addition |
| 浸泡 | jìn pào | to steep / to soak / to immerse |
| 至少 | zhì shǎo | at least / (to say the) least |
| 分钟 | fēn zhōng | minute |
| 才 | cái | then and only then |
| 部分 | bù fen | part; portion; piece |
| 细菌 | xì jūn | bacterium / germ |
| 清洁 | qīng jié | clean |
| 灭菌 | miè jūn | to sterilize |
| 有 | yǒu | to have; there is |
| 什么 | shén me | what? |
| 不同 | bù tóng | different / distinct / not the same / not alike |
| 呢 | ne | (sentence-final particle) used in questions to link back to prior discourse or context ("what about...?", "and...?") |
| 指 | zhǐ | to point at or to / to indicate or refer to |
| 使用 | shǐ yòng | to use / to employ / to apply / to make use of |
| 物理 | wù lǐ | physics |
| 或 | huò | or |
| 化学 | huà xué | chemistry / chemical |
| 方法 | fāng fǎ | method; way; technique; procedure |
| 清除 | qīng chú | to clear away / to eliminate / to get rid of |
| 物体 | wù tǐ | object; body; substance |
| 表面 | biǎo miàn | surface / face / outside / appearance |
| 污垢 | wū gòu | dirt; filth; grime |
| 灰尘 | huī chén | dust |
| 有机物 | yǒu jī wù | organic substance / organic matter |
| 比如 | bǐ rú | for example; for instance; such as |
| 日常 | rì cháng | day-to-day; daily; everyday |
| 洗 | xǐ | to wash; to bathe / to develop (photographs) / to shuffle (cards etc) / to erase (a recording) |
| 手 | shǒu | hand |
| 拖 | tuō | to drag / to tow / to trail / to hang down / to mop (the floor) / to delay / to drag on |
| 地 | dì | earth / ground / field / place / land |
| 等 | děng | and so on; etc.; et al. / (used to end an enumeration) |
| 病原 | bìng yuán | cause of disease / pathogen |
| 微 | wēi | one millionth part of / micro- |
| 生物 | shēng wù | organism / living creature / life form |
| 其 | qí | it (refers to sth preceding it) |
| 变得 | biàn de | to become |
| 无 | wú | un- / -less |
| 害 | hài | harm / evil / calamity |
| 例如 | lì rú | for example; for instance; such as |
| 酒精 | jiǔ jīng | (coll.) ethanol; ethyl alcohol |
| 擦 | cā | to rub; to scratch / to wipe; to polish / to apply / to brush (past) / to shred |
| 皮肤 | pí fū | skin |
| 煮 | zhǔ | to cook / to boil |
| 沸 | fèi | to boil |
| 压 | yā | pressure |
| 蒸汽 | zhēng qì | steam |
| 低 | dī | low |
| 环氧乙烷 | huán yǎng yǐ wán | ethylene oxide |
| 医院 | yī yuàn | hospital |
| 中 | zhōng | within; among; in |
| 几乎 | jī hū | almost; nearly; practically |
| 所有 | suǒ yǒu | all |
| 医疗 | yī liáo | medical treatment |
| 器具 | qì jù | implement; utensil; equipment |
| 进行 | jìn xíng | (of people) to carry out; to conduct (an investigation or discussion etc) |
| 其中 | qí zhōng | among / in / included among these |
| 很 | hěn | very; quite |
| 大 | dà | big; large; great / older (than another person) / eldest |
| 要求 | yāo qiú | requirement |
| 通常 | tōng cháng | usually; normally |
| 分 | fēn | to divide; to separate |
| 为 | wéi | to take sth as / to act as / to serve as / to behave as / to become / to be / to do |
| 三 | sān | three / 3 |
| 危险 | wēi xiǎn | danger |
| 级别 | jí bié | (military) rank / level / grade |
| 根据 | gēn jù | according to / based on |
| 我们 | wǒ men | we; us; ourselves; our |
| 医用 | yī yòng | for medical use; medical |
| 需 | xū | to require / to need / to want |
| 掌握 | zhǎng wò | to grasp (often fig.) / to control / to seize (initiative, opportunity, destiny) / to master / to know well / to understand sth well and know how to use it |
| 常识性 | cháng shí xìng | pertaining to common sense; of a basic, common-sense nature |
| 就 | jiù | in that case; then |
| 了 | le | (completed action marker) / (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) |